Semifinished product manufacturing

The films and fibers are then both processed into the previously discussed semifinished products by means of conventional textile processing methods. Filament yams, woven fabrics and unidirectional fabrics, but also endless fiber fleeces and staple fiber fleeces, can be made from the fibers [40]. The films can be employed as semifinished products directly after being mono-, bi- or (rarely) multiaxially stretched. For the most part, the fibers are tailored into tapes, monoaxially stretched and woven into oriented textile products in order to produce the essentially woven fabrics. 

The manufacture of self-reinforced thermoplastic composites is carried out by hot pressing the above mentioned semifinished textile products. In opposition to the flow pressing processes commonly used for large composite parts [44-50], the material is only slightly melted as in a welding process. For this reason, the terminology (hot) compaction prevailed according to Hine et al. [16,51,52]. 

In order to obtain good composite properties (interlaminary adhesion), a balanced relation between the selective melting of the textiles for the generation of a sufficient melt amount and the preservation of high macromolecular orientations must be taken into account. By adding an identical thermoplastic matrix material while the material is in a film, powder or melt state, the melt flow and the associated fiber impregnation can be supported and partly improved [6,53,54]. 

If processing is carried out correctly, a high macromolecular orientation remains in the tapes, while the partially melted matrix phase simultaneously and strongly relaxes. The reinforcing fibers and matrix can only consist of the same PP, and consequently, represent a self-reinforced single polymer fiber composite. Should an overheating of the textile material occur, a continuous relaxation of the polymer phase will take place. As a result, 

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Slip, antislip, and antiblock agents [30, 31] do not facilitate molding or semifinished product manufacture as do lubricants. What they do is to simplify further processing - of foils in particular. Foil bags that have been stored in stacks cannot be readily picked up or opened, problems that are particularly noted with LDPE and PP. An effective slip agent with LDPE is addition of 0.05 % oleic acid amide and with PP the same amount of eruca acid amide. Additive manufacturers supply concentrates of these compounds in granulate form for addition to molding compounds [50]. 

Aluminum forming is a set of manufacturing operations in which aluminum and aluminum alloys are made into semifinished products by hot or cold working. 

The working capital for an industrial plant consists of the total amount of money invested in (1) raw materials and supplies carried in stock, (2) finished products in stock and semifinished products in the process of being manufactured, (3) accounts receivable, (4) cash kept on hand for monthly payment of operating expenses, such as salaries, wages, and raw-material purchases, (5) accounts payable, and (6) taxes payable. 

The raw-materials inventory included in working capital usually amounts to a 1-month supply of the raw materials valued at delivered prices. Finished products in stock and semifinished products have a value approximately equal to the total manufacturing cost for 1 month s production. Because credit terms extended to customers are usually based on an allowable 30-day payment period, the working capital required for accounts receivable ordinarily amounts to the production cost for 1 month of operation. 

In complex processes, raw materials and semifinished products are partially used for the manufacturing of byproducts. Hence, the coefficient of net consumption Anm of semifinished products and raw materials per unit of the major product should be determined by... 

Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing synthetic rubber by polymerization or copolymerization. An elastomer for the purpose of this classification is a rubber-like material capable of vulcanization, such as copolymers of butadiene and styrene, or butadiene and acrylonitrile, polybutadienes, chloroprene rubbers, and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers. Butadiene copolymers containing less than 50 percent butadiene are classified in Industry 2821. Natural chlorinated rubbers and cyclized rubbers are considered as semifinished products and are classified in Industry 3069. 

When the contract acceptor carries out only the manufacturing operations, the contract giver must verify, by appropriate means, the identity of the semifinished product before packing. 

Very few product lines in the paint industry are mass-produced white emulsion paints, plasters, rust protection paints, and underbody protection materials are, however, exceptions. Paint factories producing these bulk products are highly automated but extremely inflexible as regards the use of different raw materials and semifinished products and their proper scheduling. Enterprises that manufacture tailor-made products must have a wide range of equipment, and simple and flexible production methods. 

In normal conditions, PMMA is a hard transparent material. Molecular weight is the main property determinant. High molecular weight PMMA can be manufactured by free radical polymerization (bulk, emulsion, and suspension polymerisation). Bulk polymerization is used for cast semifinish products (sheet, profiles and even tubes), and the cast polymer is distinguished by superior mechanical properties and high surface finish... 

Chips For the manufacture of chips, sweet potatoes are peeled, boiled, or steamed for 30 min, mashed, mixed with pea or cornstarch, salt, and monosodium glutamate mixture is pressed into paste and transformed into rectangular shape. The strips are boiled or steamed to gelatinize the starch, cooled, and cut into slices of 1-2 mm thick. The slices are then dried and packed as semifinished product. The semifinished dried chips are fried before consumption. 

In thermoforming, the material (semifinished product) is clamped to the outer edge and stretched after heating. The wall thickness of the finished product is given by the stretch ratio between the manufactured surface and the starting surface. 

The technicaiiy reievant properties of poiymers, such as shapabiiity, hardness, eiasticity, tensiie strength, temperature, and chemicai resistance can be varied over a wide range by the seiection of raw materiais, manufacturing methods, and choice of additives. Poiymers are processed further to become moided parts, semifinished products, fibers, or Aims. 

It has to be mentioned, however, that this way of textile manufacturing of semifinished products is not a real 3-D process because it produces only spherically formed two-dimensional reinforcement geometry (fabric). There are no reinforcement fibers in the vertical direction of the body s surface. 

Modern textile machines have open interfaces, are highly flexible, and are able to adjust their status based on information provided by platforms. Textile semifinished products such as cans, bobbins, or warp beams carry the information for increased production flexibility (smart objects). By using the open interfaces of textile machines, new production planning systems for an integrative, self-optimizing process chain for multiscale and additive manufacturing of textile products can be designed. 

Stadtler addresses the aspect of multi-level manufacturing of semifinished and final assembly products as well as multi-level distribution steps. He also introduces different node types for procurement, production, distribution and sales and confirms the one-directional flow of material... 

Voluntary approach to minimize releases to the environment from the use of the deca-BDE commercial mixture in the manufacturing of semifinished and finished products... 

The qualitative importance of the CPI to the U.S. economy lies mainly in its contribution of synthetic materials and semifinished materials for further processing and manufacturing. It has been exceedingly successful in displacing natural products. Consider the replacement of natural dyes with synthetic dyes cotton, wool, and silk with synthetic fibers herbal and natural medicines with antibiotics smoky coal with cleaner burning oil and clean-burning natural gas, and many other examples. The CPI has been a major contributor to every sector of human need. Table 8.36 is a partial list of the many contributions to society by the CPI. 

Quality control refers to that part of good pharmaceutical manufacturing practices concerned with the operations of verification of quality levels acceptance or rejection of raw materials, acceptance or rejection of semifinished or finished products, estimation of the stability of products, examination of returned products and supervision of retained sample stores. 

Product flow facility structure refers to the network structure for sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution across the supply chain. With reductions in inventory, fewer warehouses would be needed. Inventory is necessary in the system, but some supply chain members may keep a disproportionate amount of inventory. Since it is less expensive to have unfinished or semifinished goods in inventory than finished goods, upstream members may bear more of this burden. Rationalizing the supply chain network has implications for aU members. 

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