Open Interfaces

However, these formats only permit the transfer of mere measuring data (XY-data files) and eventually of some meta data, such as the sample name. Up to now, a real connection, where access is given to all information of the CDS including all measuring results, always needs to be customized as an individual solution. Even interfaces that are offered by some LIMS and CDS suppliers do not really offer an out-of-the box conception, but rather a tool box that allows the customer to create his own solutions. Here, new concepts are desirable that could simplify the cross-linking between different systems. 

It is supposed that Waters offers a new approach with the UNIFI system. The basic idea is that all systems of a laboratory access the same data pool in the database. Here, the single components CDS, ELN, and SDMS can be connected to, which are required by the customer. By using a shared database all connection steps are obsolete, and the single system could cooperate seamlessly. The only question that has not been solved yet is how systems of other suppliers could dock on. In case UNIFI will be kept as a proprietary Waters system, this concept could not be considered as a comprehensive approach for the laboratory of tomorrow. 

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The CAPE-OPEN project may serve for illustration [566]. This project has been funded by the EU in parallel to the IMPROVE project with participation of two IMPROVE research teams. The project successfully defined open interfaces for the major modules of process simulation software. Despite the fairly narrow scope, the financial effort has been substantial. The project could only be successful because of an active participation of the relevant software vendors and their clients who had to sort out not only the technical but also the commercial issues. The academic partners role has been of an advisory and quality assurance type. Today, a few years after completion of the project, significant efforts are spent by a Co-LaN, a non-for-profit interest group which maintains and extends the standard [997]. Only due to continued efforts of Co-LaN, the CAPE-OPEN standard is implemented readily by the smaller software companies and only reluctantly by the major vendors. 

The concepts and methodologies for a-posteriori integration developed and benchmarked by IMPROVE are of significant importance to those software vendors who offer niche products and hence do not yet have a strong market position. They can benefit significantly from the IMPROVE technologies which had to explicitly address the lack of open interfaces or incomplete knowledge on the data structure and control flows in the available interfaces of the... 

Pantelides, C., Keeping, B., Bernier, J., Gautreau, C. Open interface specification Numerical solvers. Technical Report CO-NUMR-EL-03, The CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network, CO-LaN (1999), http //www.colaii.org/ index-33.html... 

Figure 6a shows the transmission hne representing a viscoelastic layer [64]. Every layer is represented by a T . The apphcation of the Kirchhoff laws to the Ts reproduces the wave equation and the continuity of stress and strain. The detailed proof is provided in [4]. To the left and to the right of the circuit are open interfaces (ports). These can be exposed to external shear waves. They can also be connected to the ports of neighboring layers (Fig. 6b). Alternatively, they may just be short-circuited, in case there is no stress acting on this surface (left-hand side in Fig. 6c). Finally, if the stress-speed ratio Zl (the load impedance, see below) of the sample is known, the port can be short-circuited across an element of the form AZl, where A is the active area (right-hand side in Fig. 6c). Figure 6c shows a viscoelastic layer which is also piezoelectric. This equivalent circuit was first derived by Mason [4,55]. We term it the Mason circuit. The capacitance, Co, is the electric capacitance between the electrodes. The port to the right-hand side of the transformer is the electrical port. The series resonance frequency is given by the condition that the impedance of the acoustic part (the stress-speed ratio, aju) be zero, where the acoustic part comprises all elements connected to the left-hand side of the transformer.

In (b) we have the same setup but the system is now defined to be just the liquid portion of the contents. This system is simple, open, and diathermal. Simple, because there are no internal walls open, because the liquid can exchange mass with the vapor by evaporation or condensation and diathermal, because it can exchange heat with the vapor. In this case, the insulation around the tank is not sufficient to render the system adiabatic because of the open interface between the liquid and vapor. 

Mesh microreactor [36, 37] A mesh structure is implemented to separate the planar chambers which contain two fluids. The mesh has alarge open interface area, while flie mesh to wall distances can be set to 80-140 pm, so that the volumes of the chambers are about 100 pL. The cavities have a widfli of 1—10 pm and a length to widlh ratio of 1 1. This design allows high volumetric mass transfer stabilizing the gas/liquid interface of about 2000 m m referred to the liquid... 

CAD/PLM/CAE market as well as the selection of the systems for functional and economical aspects lead to increased requirements concerning open interfaces. In the present document, findings and experiences from the introduction of systems engineering for automotive processes are described. Effects on the process IT architecture are outlined. Lessons learned and necessary changes in process-lT, in form of selected examples and solution alternatives, are discussed. 

Barrett Jr., W.M., Yang, J. (2005) Development of a chemical process modeling environment based on CAPE-OPEN interface standards and the Microsoft.NET framework. 

Security issue is one of the most important aspects in the current design of SIS. With the help of an open interface like Open Platform Communications (OPCs) (Fig. XI/4.0 1) it is possible to integrate not only BPCS and SIS but the entire en terprise network. Common and open communications protocol architecture stan dards are replacing the diverse and disparate proprietary systems of industrial control systems. This migration empowers users to access new and more efficient methods of communication as well as more robust data, quicker time to market, and... 

Because the CAPE-OPEN middleware specification was selected for this project, the CAPE-OPEN interfaces needed to be implemented by the various unit operation objects. This section describes the general implementation of these objects. 

MFFP2T allows the metal finishing industry to evaluate various process modifications to reduce the quantity and environmental impact of wastes generated. The environmental impact packages developed as part of MFFP2T can be used to analyze similar processes that support the CAPE-OPEN interfaces, expanding the applicability of these environmental impact packages to the chemical and allied industry. 

Belaud, J.P. and Piflol, 2000, Open Interface Specification Identification Common Interface, Global CAPE-OPEN. 

Global CAPE-OPEN 2002, CAPE-OPEN Open Interface Specification Thermodynamic and Physical Properties, GCO-ThermoVersion 1.06, Global CAPE-OPEN. 

A reaction model is a typical component of simulation systems, along with unit operations, thermodynamic servers, physical properties databanks, etc. The reaction model may provide information on how it is built, or can choose not to provide such information but Just to provide computation mainly of reaction rates so that these terms may be readily used in mass balances within unit operation models. The same applies for energy terms. By implementing a common interface standard, a reaction model component may be deployed on its own, independently of the process simulator it is used in. That develops the reusability of reaction models throughout unit operations and process simulators. A reaction model is contained by a Reactions Package software component exhibiting the specific CAPE-OPEN interfaces discussed here. 

Carey, 2002) and (Zitney and Syamlal, 2002) have reported the first commercial implementation of this part of the CAPE-OPEN standard. This implementation will allow the Fluent CFD package to obtain information on reaction sets embedded in a Reactions Package within Aspen Plus. That will provide, together with the Unit Operation and Thermophysical CAPE-OPEN interface implementations, the interoperability between FLUENT and Aspen Plus . Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy which plans to reduce the time and cost of development of new... 

Rodriguez, J.C., Pinol, D., Forcadell, F., Sama, S., Gani, R., Halloran, M., March 2002, Work Package 2, Open Interface Specification for New Modules, T2.1+2 Reactions Interface Specification. 

An object-oriented language for modelling general dynamic process was successfully developed and its usage has proved efficiency in code reusability. The development of model libraries of models for thermodynamics, process engineering and other application areas is one of the future tasks. The DAE index reduction method allows EMSO to directly solve high-index DAE systems without user interaction. This fact combined with the symbolic and automatic differentiation systems and the CAPE-OPEN interfaces leads to a software with several enhancements. 

Soares, R. de P. and Secchi, A.R., Efficiency of the CAPE-OPEN Numerical Open Interfaces, Technical Reporting, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brasil (2002b). 

For an open interface containing surfactant molecules, the bending constants kc and kc are largely determined by competing entropic factors on the water and oil sides of the interface, respectively, that depend on the curvature of the interface. In the end, it is mostly a matter of what volume is accessible to the head groups and the counterions, in relation to the volume accessible to the hydrocarbon tails. 

Figure 11. Effect of layer thickness h on the apparent surface energy of an opening interface crack.

The role of interfacial deformation is considered in the stability analysis of fluid layers heated from below or above when there is an open interface to ambient air, and double diffusive transport of heat and solute thus leading to variations of interfacial tension that compete or cooperate with buoyancy phenomena. The onset of both oscillatory convection and steady patterns is described. 

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