Textiles modern

Zinc is also used extensively to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material for modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, is an important pigment. 

The chemicals featured in the behavior of many organisms also touch our own lives in important ways. They provide a sizable fraction of modern medicines, as well as perfumes, pesticides, and other products ranging from textiles to glue. Some of these chemicals have been in use for thousands of years and have intriguing histories. Others offer ways to save threatened environments all affect our own lives, and some do so profoundly. 

The technology with which cotton is now processed between the field and the mill was developed before the energy crisis, before OSHA, before EPA, before wage-and-hour laws, before open-end -spinning, before electronic data processing and before economical seed-cotton storage. That is to say that it predates factors that cause the need for advances, but it also predates the technology that will eventually lead to advances that permit cotton to meet the needs of the modern textile trade. 

The conservative Scottish textile manufacturers were slow to adapt to this new dye, and the leadership of innovation went to French textile manufacturers by default. When Empress Eugenie of France wore mauve in public, it impressed Queen Victoria to wear mauve at her daughter s wedding, so there was a wave of enthusiasm for synthetic dye. Perkin became very successful in commerce, and gave up business for chemistry research later in life. Fie was knighted in 1906, at the 50-year anniversary of his discovery, and died in 1907. Mauve had a short commercial life, as its early success led to further experimentations that produced many better dyes, particularly in Germany. This marked the beginning of the synthetic dye industry, which was the first modern chemical industry. 

The modern pharmaceutical industry began in Europe when researchers developed methods to isolate and determine the structure of complex chemicals from natural sources, and to build these compounds from inexpensive and readily available starting materials. Soon, industrial chemists were isolating many useful chemicals from coal tar, a by-product of the industrial use of coal for fuel, and developing methods to make many new products, including textile dyes, from scratch. 

The EU Commission White Paper (CEC, 2001) says that chemicals bring about benefits on which modern society is entirely dependent, for example in food production, medicines, textiles, cars, etc (CEC, 2001, p4). The EU trade surplus in chemicals and the number of people employed directly and indirectly by the EU chemicals industry are also counted as benefits. These ideas of what counts as a benefit are critically examined in Chapter 8. 

Hydrocarbons are required in our modern-day life not only as energy sources, including convenient transportation fuels for our cars, tracks, airplanes (see Section 1.8.2) but also to produce commonly used products ranging from polymers to textiles to pharmaceuticals. At the beginning of the twenty-first century we can look back with substantial satisfaction at our technological and scientific achievements. We should, however, also realize that we continue to deplete the nonrenewable resources of our planet, particularly fossil fuels and hydrocarbons and at the same time create ecological and environmental problems. As mentioned earlier, dire predictions of the early exhaustion of our natural hydrocarbon sources by the... 

Chemistry s impact on modern society is most readily perceived in the creation of materials, be they foods, textiles, circuit boards, fuels, drugs, packaging, etc. Thus, even the most ardent theoretician would be unlikely to suggest that theory could ever supplant experiment. Rather, most would opine that opportunities exist for combining theory with experiment so as to take advantage of synergies between them. 

The development of modern organic pigments started with the synthesis of dyestuffs for the textile industry. The period up to 1900 was characterized by the discovery and development of many dyes derived from coal-tar intermediates. Rapid advances in color chemistry were initiated after the discovery of diazo compounds and azo derivatives (shown to be largely hydrazone derivatives). The wide color potential of this class of pigments and their relative ease of preparation led to the development of azo colors, which represent the largest fraction of manufactured organic pigments. 

Chlorine is used in a number of industrial processes, including the manufacture of plastics, solvents, and pesticides. Chlorine is also used as a bleach in the paper and textile industries and as a disinfectant in warer treatment. The use of chlorine to provide potable water has made life in large cities and our modern lifestyles feasible. 

The great value of the unique characteristics of fluorinated polymers in the development of modern industries has ensured an increasing technological interest since the discovery of the first fluoropolymer, poly(chlorotrifluoro-ethylene) in 1934. Hence, their fields of applications are numerous paints and coatings [10] (for metals [11], wood and leather [12], stone and optical fibers [13, 14]), textile finishings [15], novel elastomers [5, 6, 8], high performance resins, membranes [16, 17], functional materials (for photoresists and optical fibers), biomaterials [18], and thermostable polymers for aerospace. 

D.N.-S. Hon, Yellowing of Modern Papers in Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II (J.C. Williams, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1981,... 

The two most common natural textile fibers encountered in modern fabrics have contrasting responses to soil burial. Under most soil burial conditions cellulose will degrade rapidly whereas wool will decay at a slower rate. These phenomena are demonstrated by the degradation of textile fibers from the Experimental Earthworks Project (Janaway 1996a). Figures 7.9 and 7.10 compare wool and linen buried in the chalk environments at Overton Down for 32 years. The linen is denatured to the point that there is little surviving morphology, whereas the wool retained some fiber structure. 

This chapter and the subsequent chapters in the book are focused on the fire resistance aspect of modern-day polymeric materials, plastics, and textiles as they are more commonly referred to. 

Nineteen archaeological pre-Columbian textile specimens from the collections of the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art were examined. The textiles (Huari/Tiahuanaco, lea, Paracas-Caver-nas, and Paracas-Necropolis) are described. Elemental analyses for archaeological textile and modern wool samples (C, H, N, S, and ash) are reported. Elemental analyses for samples treated with distilled H20 and CClk are compared with analyses of modern wool samples similarly treated. An unambiguous direct correlation between loss of sulfur and embrittlement could not be made. The possibilities of dating and provenance determination by technical means are discussed. 

Perhaps the most promising method for understanding the degradation mechanism for woolen archaeological textiles is the systematic examination of specimens by amino acid analysis. The study of the changes in concentration and composition of the amino acids present in the wool substrate for archaeological and modern specimens is currently under investigation. 

Modern Textile Characterization Methods, edited by Mastura Raheel... 

When Winterthur was a private residence prior to 1951, many guests were entertained on weekends at which times special bedspreads, usually of modern fabrics, replaced the historic bedspreads. A delightful story is told by John Sweeney, then Curator, of how Mr. du Pont arranged to have a newly acquired antique bedspread placed on the bed of Miss Mary Allis, a friend and an antiques dealer especially interested in textiles. At dinner, Mr. du Pont asked Miss Mary Allis how she had spent her afternoon. She replied cheerfully that she had had a lovely nap. Henry Francis du Pont paled. Miss Mary Allis then added (4), Oh, don t worry. I didn t sleep on the bed. I took a pillow and slept in the bath tub. ... 

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