Costs administrative

Eixed costs include corporate overhead and administration costs as well as those plant-related costs that do not vary with production and contribute 5 to 30% of the total manufacturing cost. 

Administrative costs are relatively low after the initial historical data is developed. 

The government program, which attempts to regulate and limit pesticide pollution, costs at least 200 million each year in administrative costs (Pimentel, D., in manuscript). 

A chemical plant has every type of cost associated with the operation of a car and many more. The major categories are raw materials, conversion costs, depreciation, sales, research, taxes and insurance, and general administration costs. A method for determining the magnitude of each of these follows. A summary is given in Table 10-2. 

These are the overhead costs that it takes to operate a company. The item consists of all the administrative costs that cannot be assigned to a given project. It includes the expenses and salaries of the president, board of directors, treasurer, division managers, long-range planners and accountants. These costs average about 4% of the total sales. 

Assume the retained earnings are worth 10% after taxes. (Issuing new stock has administrative costs and it must be sold for less than the market value.)... 

And third, given that regulatory intervention generates both benefits and costs, the benefits of price control might be more than cancelled out (welfare loss) by its costs in the form of administrative costs, transaction costs and distortions in incentives derived from the regulation itself.5 The costs of an imperfect market cannot be compared with those of a perfect one, and pharmaceutical price regulation failures must be taken into account. 

The information requirements to establish justified costs in certain items such as R D and advertising and promotion are numerous, as a result of which the administrative costs of the regulation system can be high, given the existence of information asymmetry between regulator and regulated. 

These products may be beneficial for OA of the knee that is unresponsive to other therapy, but they are expensive because treatment includes both drug and administration costs. 

Facihties and administrative costs (F A), in technology transfer, 24 376-377 Facihties design, safety of, 21 846-852 Facihties operation, safe, 21 853—854 Facihfy control hierarchy, 20 673—676 Facility erection, nondestructive evaluation during, 17 414 Facility-siting checklist, 19 532—535t FAC scale, 10 827... 

Net operating expenses Fixed selling, administration costs inch depreciation... 

The direct investment is relatively low for at-source processes, as they can be built in very small units. In addition, the operation costs are also comparably low because of the integration with the main operation. For example, administration costs can be almost neglected. The same is true for process supervision, especially at night, when it can be shared with the main operation. Usually, at-source solvent extraction processes have very low costs for chemicals and energy. 

Each company with sales to the NHS of more than 1 million per annum has to supply financial information and those with sales of between 1 million and 25 million will have to supply full audited accounts. Companies with NHS sales greater than 25 million will have to submit a full annual financial return (APR). Products with NHS sales of greater than 100 000 and 500 000 will have to be specifically identified. These annual returns cover the overall sales to the NHS and the costs incurred, such as research and development expenditure, manufacturing costs, general administrative costs, promotional expenditure and capital employed. (Details of specific produce costs or sales are not required.)... 

The EPA requires companies to submit premanufacturing notices (PMNs) 90 days before a chemical s manufacture is started. EPA may stop the manufacture or prohibit certain uses. The PMN must include detailed information. They were initiated in 1979. Some 1,100 were filed from 1979-1981 and the number now averages 700 new PMNs per year. About 1-7% are chemicals of concern. The PMN system has been criticized by many in the industry. There has been a 54% decline in new chemical introductions since PMNs have been initiated. Eventually it may concentrate new product development into large companies that can afford the extra testing and administrative costs. 

The wage rate is a loaded rate that assumes a multiplier of 2 on worker salary to account for fringe benefits, administration costs, and profit. 

In 1991 the vendor estimated the cost of thermal desorption technology to be approximately 80 per ton of soil treated, based on a system that treats soil with 20% moisture content at a rate of 10 tons per hour. This cost includes 20 per ton for depreciation and 60 per ton for labor, utilities, fuel, materials and supplies, and administrative costs (D12872N, p. 44). 

The cost information does not include excavation or administrative costs incurred by FEMP (e.g., decommissioning, regulatory, institutional oversight, and future liability costs) (D13569N,... 

Some costs are omitted from this analysis to facilitate site-specific use in site comparison. The laboratory indirect expense rates for common support and materials were omitted, as were engineering, quality assurance, administrative costs, and taxes on services and materials (D189097, p. 13). 

This important antifungal drug (see Chapter 48) is an alternative therapy for visceral leishmaniasis, especially in parts of India with high-level resistance to sodium stibogluconate. Liposomal amphotericin has shown excellent efficacy at a dosage of 3 mg/kg/d intravenously on days 1-5, 14, and 21. Nonliposomal amphotericin (1 mg/kg intravenously every other day for 30 days) is much less expensive, also efficacious, and widely used in India. Amphotericin is also used for cutaneous leishmaniasis in some areas. The use of amphotericin, and especially liposomal preparations, is limited in developing countries by difficulty of administration, cost, and toxicity. 

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