Country distribution

Table 15.7 Adverse reaction reports in WHO database from EU countries. Distribution of reports per therapeutic drug group as percentage of total number of reports...

The Dow Chemical Company is engaged in research and development, manufacture, and distribution of thousands of chemical products. Production takes place in more than 330 process units at 118 locations in 30 countries. Distribution takes place through dozens of warehouses and via thousands of miles of railroad, highways, and sea lanes. Hazards vary from site to site, process unit to process unit, and even carrier to carrier. People differ even more widely. Vulnerability to injury—human, property, and environment—truly is infinitely variable. 

Some countries distribute commodities through ration shops. In India, kerosene is distributed through the PDS using an elaborate institutional arrangement that includes state and district officials, wholesalers, and retailers (Gangopadhyay, Ramaswami, and Wadhwa 2005 Rehman and others 2005). 

In every part of the world, the same type of classification as above is found for fuels premium or regular, with or without lead. The octane numbers can be different from one country to another depending on the extent of development of their car populations and the capabilities of their local refining industries. The elimination of lead is becoming the rule wherever there are large automobile populations and severe anti-pollution requirements. Thus the United States, Japan and Canada no longer distribute leaded fuels. (... 

Specifications for density, distillation curve and viscosity shown above are for products distributed in temperate climates. Other limits are required for arctic regions, particularly the Scandinavian countries. See Tables 5.13 and 5.14. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

If the distribution of gas in a country is run by a nationalised or state owned company, there is effectively a monopoly on this service, and prices for gas distributed through a grid system will have to be negotiated with the distribution company. If the market for distribution is not regulated then opportunities arise to sell gas to other customers and... 

Economic Aspects. MaHc acid is manufactured in over 10 countries, with 1992 worldwide production estimated at approximately 33,000 t, distributed as follows 44.4%, North America 52.1%, Far East and 3.5%, Africa. 

Countries produciug commodity LLDPE and their capacities, as well as production volumes of some U.S. companies, are Hsted iu Table 5. Iu most cases, an accurate estimate of the total LLDPE production capacity is compHcated by the fact that a large number of plants are used, iu turn, for the manufacture of either HDPE or LLDPE iu the same reactors. VLDPE and LLDPE resius with a uniform branching distribution were initially produced in the United States by Exxon Chemical Company and Dow Chemical Company. However, since several other companies around the world have also aimounced their entry into this market, the worldwide capacity of uniformly branched LLDPE resins in 1995 is expected to reach a million tons. Special grades of LLDPE resins with broad MWD are produced by Phillips Petroleum Co. under the trade name Low Density Linear Polyethylenes or LDLPE. 

Cross-country gas pipelines generally must odorize the normally odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas ia urban and suburban areas, as is required of gas distribution companies. Organosulfur compounds, such as mercaptans, are usually used for this purpose, and code requires that the odor must be strong enough for someone with a normal sense of smell to detect a gas leak iato air at one-fifth the lower explosive limit of gas—air mixtures. The latter is about 5%, so the odorant concentration should be about 1%, but most companies odorize more heavily than this as a safety precaution. 

Pipeline systems for transporting anhydrous ammonia that are urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) and LNG compatible, exist in Europe, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. Export-oriented ammonia producing countries utilize huge ocean-going tankers that contain up to 50,000 t for distribution of ammonia. Co-shipment in refrigerated LNG tankers is usuaky done. 

Iodine deficiency in less developed countries is still a serious problem. Whereas, iodized and iodated salt technology is readily available and relatively inexpensive, market distribution conditions, as well as a lack of understanding by consumers, prevents iodized salt from reaching much of the population in less-developed countries. 

Pyrite is the most abundant of the metal sulfides. Eor many years, until the Erasch process was developed, pyrite was the main source of sulfur and, for much of the first half of the twentieth century, comprised over 50% of world sulfur production. Pyrite reserves are distributed throughout the world and known deposits have been mined in about 30 countries. Possibly the largest pyrite reserves in the world are located in southern Spain, Portugal, and the CIS. Large deposits are also in Canada, Cypms, Einland, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia. However, the three main regional producers of pyrites continue to be Western Europe Eastern Europe, including the CIS and China. 

Barite [13462-86-7], natural barium sulfate, BaSO, commonly known as barytes, and sometimes as heavy spar, tiU, or cawk, occurs in many geological environments in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Commercial deposits are of three types vein and cavity filling deposits residual deposits and bedded deposits. Most commercial sources are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone, and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite is widely distributed and has minable deposits in many countries. 

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