Standards generic

Absolute properties are distinguished from conventional properties i.e., a generic standard partial molal property of an aqueous ion j (H°) is related to the absolute property by... 

Table 5. Binding Energies Ei, for the Methyl-Substituted Benzene Dimer Cations Based on Application of the Generic Standard Hydrocarbon Model to the Radiative Association Kinetic Data. I obs is the Efficiency per Collision of Radiative...

The fact that ISO 9001 is a generic standard for quality management applicable to all organizations, no matter what the specific type of activity, implies that a laboratory needs also to meet quality management requirements in the way specified. The new accreditation standard provides for this in a very clear way, i.e. including relevant provisions. 

Before an instrument is used to validate a method, its performance should be verified using generic standards [22,23], Satisfactory results for a method can only be obtained with well-performing equipment. Special attention should be paid to the equipment characteristics that are critical for the method. For example, if detection limit is critical for a specific method, the instrument s specification for baseline noise and for certain detectors also the response to specified compounds should be verified. Any material used to determine critical validation parameters, such as reagents and reference standards, should be checked for accurate composition and purity. 

The generic standard of the safety community is IEC 61508, Functional Safety of E/E/PE safety-related Systems. The engineering community has built a set of standards based on IEC 61508 for specific sectors, taking into account the experiences, background knowledge and requirements the process control sector, medical sector, nuclear, railways, and is still continuing (e.g., automotive in progress). But this standard takes only the safety view, security is not even mentioned ... 

The ISO 14000 series of standards, known informally as Environmental ISO, is a set of generic standards developed by the ISO to provide organizations with a framework for managing the environmental impact of their activities. Environmental disciplines including the basic environmental management system, product labeling, criteria for auditing, and life-cycle assessment are included. 

There are several sources of standards and limits that may be applied to the manufacture of sterile products. They can be divided into sector-specific standards which are focused specifically on the manufacture of sterile pharmaceuticals and generic standards that are focused on particular technologies, irrespective of how the technologies are to be applied. 

Generic standards for technologies used in the manufacture of sterile drug products... 

The most important generic standards applying to technologies used in the manufacture of sterile drug products relate to the protection of manufacture from contamination from the air. The air supply to facilities for sterile manufacture must be filtered, in some specific applications, it must be unidirectional, its velocity may have to be controlled within specified limits, and there must be pressure differentials between adjacent areas. 

The next four chapters are divided into generic standards that are nationally accepted by institutional and homeschooling teachers as important for a student s mastery of language arts. 

Despite CDC s caveats, regulatory agencies within the United States have in many cases adopted the CDC s 1 ppb guideline as a generic standard for clean-up regardless of the circumstances at the site. For example, EPA has functionally Implemented a 1 ppb standard for clean-up at most of Its remediation sites within Missouri, regardless of the potential for human exposure (4.5). 

The difference in regulatory structure is that FDA and USDA rules set generic standards, whereas the Meat and Poultry Inspection Program must authorize every single commercial product of each supplier, including proprietary mixtures, before its admission to a federally inspected food packing plant. 

This is the plot of the number of times a response occurs versus the value of the response. For example, if the number of times an AUC ratio (generic/standard) falls within... 

Management systems, 21-22, 1795 customer relationship, 69 generic standards for, 1185 supply chain, 69... 

In addition to references to specific literature sources, a bibliography is given at the end of the chapter for appropriate statistical textbooks and for ASTM and ISO standards that iipply to quality assurance, statistical analysis, precision, bias and uncertainty, laboratory accreditation, and proficiency testing. The listing of standards is not exhaustiv e only those that are anticipated to be worthwhile for the topic of this chapter are included. These standards, with some exceptions as noted, were developed by committees on statistics and quality as generic standards that apply in principle to all testing and measurement operations. 

Most of the standards given below were prepared by committees devoted to the development of generic standards that apply in principle to all testing and measurement operations. 

Generic standards (type B). For safety, the type B standards concern specific technical aspects and are applied as needed, such as for specific components or guarding. For machinery the B standards are further divided into B1 and B2 standards. 

For EMC, the generic standards are grouped by function and environment, such as products for use in heavy industrial areas. The generic EMC standards list performance criteria and refer to type A standards for tests. Some examples of type B standards are EN 5(X)82-l/-2 immunity requirements for Residential/Commercial/ Light Industrial Areas (-1) and Heavy Industrial Areas (-2). 

As the lEC 61508 intends to be a generic standard we show in this paper how the AOP 52 can be seen as a concretization of the lEC 61508 for the domain of ammunition related software systems. Common key concepts are identified and differences are shown. We will show that the content of the AOP can be sorted and analyzed using the safety life-cycle approach of the lEC 61508. We will show how the techniques and measures suggested by AOP 52 are related to techniques and measures recommended by lEC 61508. Several topics ofcomparison which are presented in this article are based on an approach of systematic comparison of standards presented by Trebbien-Nielson and Stranden in (Trebbien-Nielson and Stranden 2001). 

The lEC 61508 is a generic standard for elec-trical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems. It should be applied from the concept rmtil the disposal or decommissioning of the product if a possible failure of a system can lead to hazards for humans and/or the environment. During this product life cycle the application of the lEC 61508 is ordered using an overall safety lifecycle. The standard is a generic standard and thus is used to derive domain specific standards as described in section 1. 

The overlap of the two documents differs enormously. The lEC 61508 claims to be a (generic) standard that has to be followed during the development... 

Each SIS performs one or more safely instrumented functions (SIF), by using some electrical, electronic, or programmable electronic technology. Design and operation must follow the requirements in lEC 61508 (1998) and lEC 61511 (2003), two standards that have been widely adopted by the national authorities for the oil and gas industry. lEC 61508 is a generic standard on SIS design and construction, while lEC 61511 addresses SIS applications in the process industries. 

Hard-wired systems persisted and still do to this day. At the same time, various technical experts and regulators reviewed codes of practice and soimd design principles, eventually leading to the 1999 document from the International Electrotechnical Commission in Geneva, lEC 61508 (Ref 1). Since then a number of sector-specific standards have been developed, each referencing the generic standard lEC 61508. 

Most plants now favor software-based safety systems over the older hardware-dominated approach. These systems were adopted piecemeal, with the result that practices vary widely between companies and even between plants within a company. Now, the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) has adopted and published a generic standard, lEC 61508, that brings together much of the published material and provides a framework for its coordination [63]. 

The main future. effort in this standard development will be to develop the specific appendixes containing detailed checklists applicable to design standards for an AFR, a dry storage facility, and other fuel cycle components. With these appendixes, the standard will become a very valuable complement to the more generic standards pertaining to nuclear criticality control It will provide a much needed information base to support design efforts and fuel handling procedure development in the nuclear fuel cycle. 

Several standards have been devised in order to evaluate specific ESC systems. Since this phenomenon has not previously been reported in polypropylene, the standards pertaining to polyethylene may be used with suitable adjustments in parameters such as load and temperature. Generic standards include ... 

Once formed, these Mn(III) and/or Mn(IV) oxides are strong oxidants. For Mn(IV), a generic standard potential is known ... 

Structure is compatible and harmonized with the ISO 9000 family of standards on quality management and the ISO 14000 family of standards on environmental management. Also, ZIO is written as a generic standard and patterned after the style of those standards. In this context, generic means that the standards can be applied to all ... 

Brandenburg, K. and Stoll, G. 1992. lSO-MPEG-1 audio A generic standard for coding of high quality digital audio. In 92nd AES Convention. Revised 1994. /. And. Eng. Soc. 42(10). 

Physical standards certified by national standards laboratories should be specimens of industrial products for those industries. Generic standard reference materials suffice to certify an instrument for general use but these standards do not necessarily suffice to certify values obtained from products that are dissimilar from those standards. Representative industrial specimens should be submitted and measured as transfer standards by national testing laboratories. When they are returned to a company, they should be recognized and used as SRMs. This reduces the traceability path and thus increases the credibility of measurements on similar materials. 

Charts have been in existence for many years. They have been adequate for most applications, although they have their limitations. The external and internal conductor-sizing charts in IPC 2221, Generic Standard on Printed Board Design, are the standard for sizing traces and are included as Figs. 16.1 and 16.2, respectively. 

IPC-2221 Generic Standard on Printed Board Design. There are many ML-PWB strnctnres. This section discnsses the methods and materials for the basic and several of the advanced strnctnres. The IPC has two comprehensive standards for the design of rigid printed circnits, IPC-2222 and IPC-2226. The classification system within these standards for the ML-PWB by stmctnre is shown. The distinction between the two is the focus on microvias in the later standard. 

Standards and customer documentation establish minimum quality and acceptability requirements for the inspections performed. If the PCB does not meet these requirements, it becomes nonconforming. This does not necessarily mean the PCB is scrapped, although this is often what happens to nonconforming PCBs. What it does mean is that with a generic standard, samples that do not meet the stated requirements must be dispositioned outside... 

In addition to these generic standards, there are product specific standards which specify EMC requirements. 

Selection of independent standardization samples consists of measuring a set of independent samples on both instruments. These independent samples are not used for model development. Either samples close to the physical and chemical stmcture of the analyzed samples or very different samples such as generic standards can be used. The main advantage of this approach is the user does not have to develop special storage conditions that probably still would not ensure having stable standardization samples. 

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