Legal instruments

European Law consists of three different types of legislation  

1957 The Treaty of Rome (EEC Treaty) establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) as a common trading market The articles of the EEC Treaty of particular relevance to chemicals control are  

1992 The Maastricht Treaty on the European Union (TEU). This created the European Union and consists of three parts  

These Treaties provide the legislative framework for the secondary legislation, which consists mainly of directives, regulations, and decisions. 

A Directive defines the results required but leaves member states to decide the form and means of achieving these results. The member states are required to implement the necessary laws or regulatory instruments within a designated time limit. 

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As you will encounter many different types of legal instruments during the course of this book, it is worthwhile that you take some time to understand the basic principles on which such instruments are constructed. 

The final legal instrument is a Decision. A decision focuses on an individual measure and is directly binding in its entirety on the specific individuals or entities to whom it is addressed. The Commission uses Decisions to issue marketing authorisations for approval of new drugs granted under a centralised procedure (see Chapter 6). Figure 1.2 summarises the relationship between various legal instruments used in Europe. 

Figure 1.2 The relationship between National and EU legal instruments, and the flow of legislative authority.

To improve the national legal instruments related to chemical management and chemical weapons ... 

This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. 

UNECE, Inventory of agreements and legal instruments relevant to transport, environment and health (http //www.unece.Org/doc/lc/lc.2000.2.e.pdf). 

There is probably little need for additional primary regulation in either Europe or the United States. However, it is likely that the existing legal instruments such as the Clean Drinking Water Act in the United States and the Water Framework... 

Science, Children, Awareness-Raising, Legal Instruments and Evaluation... 

SCALE Science, Children, Awareness-Raising, Legal Instruments and Evaluation is part of a larger European Environment and Health strategy to reduce and prevent diseases related to environmental exposures, with emphasis on exposures of susceptible populations, including children. 

An inventory is typically based on an act, directive, decree, or other legal instrument. The initial inventory includes a definition of the chemicals that exist in commerce in the jurisdiction. As chemicals are introduced into commerce, they are generally added and identified as new chemicals. This introduction of new chemicals results in most inventories being continuously updated. 

The sector-specific rules governing medicinal products are set out in various legal instruments and administrative guidance which follow the following hierarchy [31]. 

SCALE Science, Children, Raising Awareness, Legal Instruments, and Evaluation. An EU program to reduce disease burden caused by environmental factors. 

The reform process, kick-started in 1997 with broad Commission consultation on the strengths and weaknesses of the key EU legal instruments for chemical control,15 culminated in December 2006 in the adoption of the REACH Regulation.16 The Regulation demands registration of all chemical substances, on their own, in preparations, or in articles, that are produced, traded, or imported onto the EU market. The Regulation sets a standard of no data, no market . Chemicals for which technical data have not been submitted, should be taken out of circulation. The technical data submitted in the course of registration are used to identify chemicals that may pose... 

This political and military environment influenced the concepts built into the CWC. On the one hand, the negotiators attempted to create a legal instrument that would provide reliable assurances that a global ban on the acquisition and possession of chemical weapons and on their destruction could in fact deal with the huge stockpiles that had been accumulated by the Soviet Union and the United States. This included the need to design verification and other measures in such a way that they... 

Both are legal instruments, both are recognized in the laws of countries other than those of origin, both establish standards for dosage forms as well as for bulk pharmaceutical chemicals. Both use experts from industry, academia, and government at all stages of standards development. Also, for most of its history, the British Pharmacopeia was not a direct government effort. 

The fourth International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization (ICCDU IV) is very timely. Governments from around the world will meet in Kyoto in December 1997 to agree on a new Protocol or Another Legal Instrument o the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The conference provides a very valuable opportunity to take stock of activities in a potentially important area of climate change responses - CO utilization. 

Although a majority of the population embraces herbal medical practice in Swaziland, there is no policy nor legal instrument for its practice in the country. There is also no regulatory body for the control of the practice. The Herbal Medical Practitioners have been operating through the King s Order-in-Council of 1954 which enabled them to practice. 

As a result, it can be said that activation is not qualified as a precise legal term. It is a kind of a general programme that is to be realised via several legal instruments. 

Protocols and contracts may be subject to revision when project scope and directions change. Both should be adjusted as needed, perhaps less formally for protocol or plan changes, which can be done via amendments, e-mail directives, memoranda, and other means of documentation. In most cases, contracts, as legal instruments, require amendments defining changes of scope and the anticipated impact on timelines, cost, and resources with approval by both parties. 

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