Scandinavian

Specifications for density, distillation curve and viscosity shown above are for products distributed in temperate climates. Other limits are required for arctic regions, particularly the Scandinavian countries. See Tables 5.13 and 5.14. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis) Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio s new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists s statement. 

The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. 

Thor, Scandinavian god of war) Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. 

One type of thick hardwood plywood stiU available is imported from the northern Scandinavian countries and is generally known as Finnish birch. Characteristically, these plywoods are manufactured using multiple layers of veneer of the same thickness, about 1.5 mm (1 /16 in.), and bonded with a urea—formaldehyde or melamine—urea—formaldehyde adhesive. 

Laminated windshields, as opposed to tempered glass windshields, are gaining in market share outside of North America. From 37% of the non-North American market of 1976, they were estimated to have reached 75% by 1982 (13). In addition to North America, Belgium, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries permit only laminated windshields, and other nations are increasing use by customer option. The trend toward laminated windshields is expected to continue and nonlaminated windshields will likely be obsolete by the year 2000 (14). 

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

Variations found in CTO composition result primarily from the species of wood pulped and the location and climate where the trees are grown. Pulping process variations further affect CTO composition. The best CTO is produced from pine wood. However, many U.S. mills mix hardwood with pine to reduce fiber costs, or mix hardwood black Hquor with pine black Hquor. This lowers the rosin content. The composition of CTO produced in the southeastern United States and of typical Canadian and Scandinavian CTOs are shown in Table 2. 

Component, wt % Southeastern United States Canadian Scandinavian... 

Garene Manufacture. 3-Carene is obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine. Turpentine from the western United States and Canada averages about 25% 3-carene much of it is unutilised although it is obtained in high optical purity. Turpentines from the Scandinavian countries, the CIS, Pakistan, and India all contain significant quantities of 3-carene. 

L. Gargarii and co-workers, paper presented at i CR Scandinavian Jibber Conference Copenhagen, June, 1985. 

E. Rhode, H. Bechon, and M. Me2ger, Scandinavian Rubber Conference, SCR]89, Tampere, Einland, 1989. 

E. Ronde, H. Bechen, and M. Metzger, Kautsch. Gummi, Kunstst. 42, 1121 (1989) E. Ronde. H. Bechen, and M. Mezger, Polychloroprene Grades and Compoundingfor Eong Term Flexibility atEow Environmental Temperatures, Scandinavian Rubber Conference SCR/1989, Tampere, Einland, Jan. 30,... 

A. M. del Rio in 1801 claimed to have discovered the previously unknown element 23 in a sample of Mexican lead ore and, because of the red colour of the salts produced by acidification, he called it erythronium. Unfortunately he withdrew his claim when, 4 years later, it was (incorrectly) suggested by the Frenchman, H. V. Collett-Desotils, that the mineral was actually basic lead chromate. In 1830 the element was rediscovered by N. G. Sefstrom in some Swedish iron ore. Because of the richness and variety of colours found in its compounds he called it vanadium after Vanadis, the Scandinavian goddess of beauty. One year later F. Wohler established the identity of vanadium and erythro-nium. The metal itself was isolated in a reasonably pure form in 1867 by H. E. Roscoe who reduced the chloride with hydrogen, and he was... 

In 1789 M. H. Klaproth examined pitchblende, thought at the time to be a mixed oxide ore of zinc, iron and tungsten, and showed that it contained a new element which he named uranium after the recendy discovered planet, Uranus. Then in 1828 J. J. Berzelius obtained an oxide, from a Norwegian ore now known as thorite he named this thoria after the Scandinavian god of war and, by reduction of its tetrachloride with potassium, isolated the metal thorium. The same method was subsequendy used in 1841 by B. Peligot to effect the first preparation of metallic uranium. 

Skalen-rohr, n. scale tube (as of a spectroscope). -scheibe, /. dial face, dial, -teil, m., -teilung, /. scale division or graduation, Skammoniaharz, Skammonienharz, Skammo-nium, n. scammony resin, scammony. skandinavisch, a. Scandinavian. 

Linder, M. and Mattson, E., Seventh Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, Norway, 19... 

Magnusson, B., Bergman, M., Bergman, B. and Soremark, R. Nickel Allergy and Nickel Containing Dental Alloys , Scandinavian Journal of Denial Research, 90, 163-167 (1982)... 

Conserved sequences that fold into large loops stabilized by three disulfide linkages. The name Kringle comes from the Scandinavian pastry that these structures resemble. They can mediate certain protein-protein interactions. 

Table II summarizes analytical data for dissolved inorganic matter in a number of natural water sources (J3, 9, J 9, 20, 21). Because of the interaction of rainwater with soil and surface minerals, waters in lakes, rivers and shallow wells (<50m) are quite different and vary considerably from one location to another. Nevertheless, the table gives a useful picture of how the composition of natural water changes in the sequence rain ->- surface water deep bedrock water in a granitic environment. Changes with depth may be considerable as illustrated by the Stripa mine studies (22) and other recent surveys (23). Typical changes are an increase in pH and decrease in total carbonate (coupled), a decrease in 02 and Eh (coupled), and an increase in dissolved inorganic constituents. The total salt concentration can vary by a factor of 10-100 with depth in the same borehole as a consequence of the presence of strata with relict sea water. Pockets with such water seem to be common in Scandinavian granite at >100 m depth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of an Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system for the collection and analysis of data on drug use. This was originally developed by Scandinavian authorities, and uses a combination of anatomical, therapeutic and chemical criteria to assign drugs to an individual class. The top-level categories, which are anatomically based, are listed in Table 3.2. 

Kucera,V. The Effects of Acidification of the Environment on the Corrosion of the Atmosphere, Water, and Soil, Proc. 9th Scandinavian Corrosion Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1983. 

Forsten, L. (1977). Fluoride release from a glass ionomer cement. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 85, 503—4. 

Grieve, A. R. (1974). The effect of silicate cement on enamel and dentine. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 82, 510-16. 

Helgeland, K. Leirskar, J. (1972). A further testing of the effect of dental materials on growth and adhesion of animal cells in vitro. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 80, 206-12. 

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