Appalachian Mountains

Zinc. Zinc deposits in the United States extend from Maine through the Appalachian Mountains, and west through the Mississippi Valley into the Rocky Mountain states. U.S. reserves are estimated to be 27 x t Zn (108). World reserves and resources are 135 and 110 x 10 t, respectively. The... 

Fluorspar deposits ate commonly epigenetic, ie, the elements moved from elsewhere into the country rock. For this reason, fluorine mineral deposits ate closely associated with fault 2ones. In the United States, significant fluorspar deposits occur in the Appalachian Mountains and in the mountainous regions of the West, but the only reported commercial production in 1993 was from the faulted carbonate rocks of Illinois. 

Ordovician 520 Appalachian Mountains begin Primitive lisbes... 

The American glow-worm O. fultoni is found in the Appalachian Mountains. The larvae of Orfelia live on damp stream banks, and they... 

Recent work identifying Plagiochila retrorsa Gottsche from collections made in the Azores and Madeira establishes a significant range extension for a taxon, known under several other names, which occurs in the southern Appalachian Mountains and in Costa Rica. Rycroft et al. (2001) described morphological and phytochemical characteristics of representative specimens of this liverwort. Phytochemically, P. retrorsa belongs to the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene chemotype species (major stmctural type is that of compounds 449 and 450). 

Garten CT, Cooper LW, Post III WM, Hanson PJ (2000) Climate controls on forest soil C isotope ratios in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Ecology... 

Highton, R. and Peabody, R.B. (2000) Geographic protein variation and speciation in salamanders of the Plethodon jordani and Plethodon glutinosus complexes in the southern Appalachian Mountains with the descriptions of four new species. In R.C. Bruce, R.G. laeger, and L.D. Houck. (Eds.) The biology of plethodontid salamanders. Plenum, New York, pp. 31-94. 

I MUST ADMIT THAT the book is not ultimately my own idea. The original concept came from an undergraduate paper turned in for a Water Resource Management class I taught at the University of Iowa in 1996. D ara Houdeks work for that course—a class otherwise primarily focused on big bureaucracies and economies (such as the Army Corps of Engineers and the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce)-focused on the water quality implications of her own lawn, and opened my eyes to a class of problems that would occupy me for the next decade. When I last heard, Dara was a master instructor at the Appalachian Mountain Club, far from her family s lawn. I owe her the debt of this idea. 

Similar results were reported in the literature for most European (Scandinavia, UK, Germany, Poland and Czech Republic) and North American (Ontario, Vermont, Quebec, Adirondack Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains) freshwater sites, where monitoring of the effects of long-range transboundary air pollution on acidification occurs [23]. 

Similar results were observed in most European countries (UK, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic) and North American sites (Adirondack mountains, Blue ridge mountains, Maine, Atlantic Canada, Ontario). Significant trends were only found in Scandinavian countries and in the Appalachians Mountains, Vermont and Quebec. However, independently of the presence or not of a significant trend, at most smdied sites concentrations of base cations tend to decrease, phenomena that cannot be observed in the Alps [23]. 

The first large mass mortality occurred during the end-Ordovician, 440 My ago (Fig. 16.1). A less extensive loss took place during the late Devonian, followed by the huge mass mortality of the end-Permian, 250 My ago, when the trilobites - marine arthropods that had survived the late Ordovician event - disappeared. Coming after a period of dry cold climate that saw the Appalachian mountains buUd up, the end-Permian mass mortality brought to extinction more than half the families of living species. It paved the way to the scleractinians, which formed the coral reefs (Stanley 2001). 

In 2002, 5,000 million tons of coal were produced globally. China is the largest coal producer in the world, while the United States is the second largest producer, with widespread coal deposits in the Appalachian Mountains, the western Rockies, and the state of Texas. 

The principal workings known at the present day are those of Australia, in the Southern hemisphere of California, Mexico, and the Appalachian mountains, in North America Brazil, Peru, and Chili, in South America Kordofan and Sofa]a In Africa tire Ural mountains in Siberia and Hungary in Europe. Gold i9 found, however, in smaller quantities in various other places and the Editor will now briefly indicate the J various localities in which it is known to exist, begin-ning with Europe, and conolading with the latest discoveries in Australia. 

Part of the North Branch of the Potomac River runs crystal clear through the scenic Appalachian Mountains, but it is lifeless—a victim of acid drainage from abandoned coal mines. As the river passes a paper mill and a wastewater treatment plant near Westemport, Maryland, the pH rises from an acidic, lethal value of 4.5 to a neutral value of 7.2, at which fish and plants thrive. This happy "accident comes about because calcium carbonate exiting the paper mill equilibrates with massive quantities of carbon dioxide from bacterial respiration at the sewage treatment plant. The resulting soluble bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic river and restores life downstream of the plant.1... 

In the bituminous coals of the US Illinois and Appalachian basins, arsenic primarily occurs in pyrite. The arsenian pyrite probably originated from subsurface fluids that existed about 270 million years ago during the formation of the Ouachita and Appalachian mountains (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). The arsenic-bearing fluids in the midcontinent Illinois Basin were primarily brines derived from surrounding sedimentary basins that were also responsible for the formation of the Mississippi Valley lead-zinc deposits. In contrast, the fluids that were responsible for the arsenian pyrites in the Appalachians (especially in the coals of the Warrior Basin of Alabama) were metamorphic and not as saline as those in the midcontinent (Goldhaber, Lee and Hatch, 2003). 

If dry deposition, or occult precipitation were a dominant mode of deposition, the activity deposited would be expected to depend on the type of vegetation cover. Graustein Turekian (1987) deduced identical values of vg from measurements of 137Cs in soil cores and Sr in bucket collections (Table 2.13), which indicated little effect of vegetation. At forested sites in the Appalachian Mountains, however,... 

Higher crude oil prices had revived studies in the use of coal as a chemical feedstock. But while the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was still used in South Africa by Sasol, the only other industrial gasification unit was the one Eastman Kodak brought on stream in Kingsport, Tennessee, in 1983, to produce coalbased acetic anhydride. The coal came from the Appalachian mountains and was cheap enough relative to oil prices at the time to warrant such an installation, and the plant is now to be expanded. 

Ayuso R. A. and Bevier M. L. (1991) Regional differences in Pb isotopic compositions of feldspars in plutonic rocks of the northern appalachian mountains, USA and Canada a geochrmical method of terrane correlation. Tectonics 10, 191-212. 

Wieder R. K. (1985) Peat and water chemistry at Big Run Bog, a peatland in the Appalachian mountains of West Virginia, USA. Biogeochemistry 1, 277-302. 

Yavitt J. B., Lang G. E., and Downey D. M. (1988) Potential methane production and methane oxidation rates in the peatland ecosystems of the Appalachian mountains, United States. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 253-268. 

Harbor, D. J., 1996, Nonuniform erosion patterns in the Appalachian mountains of Virginia, Geol Soc Am Abstr Programs 28 no. 7 116. 

Regional metamorphism, the wide-scale alteration of rocks during major tectonic events, can produce spectacular textures and structures in rocks, including folds of layers of rocks, folds of individual minerals (mica, for example), and rotated garnet crystals. Examples of regional metamorphism abound, from Acadia National Park in Maine and the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern part of the United States, to the Llano Uplift of central Texas, and the Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. The Alps of Europe and the Himalayas of Asia also show effects of regional metamorphism. 

The Aircraft Thematic Mapper Simulator (NS-OOl) was used to examine spectral reflectance over the Patrick Draw oil field in southwest Wyoming (Lang et al., 1985a) and over the Lost River gas field in the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia (Lang et al., 1985b). The spectral characteristics of the seven visible and near-infrared NS-OOl bands are summarised in Table 7-II. 

The second part of the paper addresses arsenic enrichment in coal of the Appalachian Basin and adjacent Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States (areas 3 and 4 in Fig. 1). In this regional setting, elevated crustal arsenic concentrations in rocks are vell documented, but processes associated vith the original introduction of arsenic into coal and metamorphic rocks have not been systematically studied. However, the Appalachian region is very important because here both natural weathering and mining can potentially lead to dispersion of arsenic into the local environment. 

Like all reactions, pericyclic reactions are reversible in principle (even though they may be irreversible in practice). The forward and reverse reactions always go through the same transition state. As an analogy, if you wanted to travel from Lexington, Ky., to Richmond, Va., you would choose the path that went through the lowest gap in the Appalachian mountains. If you wanted to go from Richmond back to Lexington, you would choose the same route, only in reverse. The path you chose would not depend on which direction you were traveling. Reactions obey the same principle. 

---