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Saturate hydrocarbons

Arosolvan process A process for the extraction of benzene and toluene from a mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons using a mixture of water and N-methylpyrrolidone. The process is used when naphtha is cracked to produce alkenes. To prevent extraction of alkenes these are saturated by hydrogenation prior to extraction. [Pg.41]

As stated earlier, these hydrocarbons are difficult to quantify with accuracy. The FIA method, which is a chromatographic adsorption on silica, gives volume percentages of saturated hydrocarbons, olefins and aromatics. [Pg.81]

Liquid chromatography is preceded by a precipitation of the asphaltenes, then the maltenes are subjected to chromatography. Although the separation between saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics presents very few problems, this is not the case with the separation between aromatics and resins. In fact, resins themselves are very aromatic and are distinguished more by their high heteroatom content (this justifies the terms, polar compounds or N, S, 0 compounds , also used to designate resins). [Pg.83]

Without going into details of the chromatographic method, a SAR separation (asphaltenes having been eliminated) can be performed in a mixed column of silica followed by alumina. The saturated hydrocarbons are eluted by heptane, the aromatics by a 2 1 volume mixture of heptane and toluene, and the resins by a 1 1 1 mixture of dichloromethane, toluene and methanol. [Pg.83]

Olefins are uncommon in crude oils due to the high chemical activity of these compounds which causes them to become saturated with hydrogen. Similarly, acetylene is virtually absent from crude oil, which tends to contain a large proportion of the saturated hydrocarbons, such as the alkanes. [Pg.92]

Like chlorine, bromine can displace hydrogen from saturated hydrocarbons, though not as readily, and adds on to unsaturated ones. [Pg.321]

Iodine does not replace hydrogen from saturated hydrocarbons directly, as do both chlorine and iodine. [Pg.321]

Chemical methods may be employed if the reagent attacks only one of the components. Thus quicklime may be employed for the removal of water in the preparation of absolute ethyl alcohol. Also aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons may be removed from mixtures with saturated hydrocarbons by sulphonation. [Pg.12]

Cold concentrated sulphuric acid will remove unsaturated hydrocarbons present in saturated hydrocarbons, or alcohols and ethers present in alkyl halides. In the former case soluble sulphonated products are formed, whilst in the latter case alkyl hydrogen sulphates or addition complexes, that are soluble in the concentrated acid, are produced. [Pg.151]

All the products of Clemmensen reductions contain small amounts of un-saturated hydrocarbons. These can be removed by repeated shaking with 10 per cent, of the volume of concentrated sulphuric acid until the acid is colourless or nearly so each shaking should be of about 5 minutes duration. The hydrocarbon is washed with water, 10 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, water (twice), dried with anhydreus magnesium or calcium sulphate, and finally distilled twice from a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm (or a Widmer flask) over sodium. [Pg.238]

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. [Pg.241]

Comprehensive Organic Synthesis 1991, vol 8, 307. - reduction of ketones to saturated hydrocarbons... [Pg.54]

The high acidity of superacids makes them extremely effective pro-tonating agents and catalysts. They also can activate a wide variety of extremely weakly basic compounds (nucleophiles) that previously could not be considered reactive in any practical way. Superacids such as fluoroantimonic or magic acid are capable of protonating not only TT-donor systems (aromatics, olefins, and acetylenes) but also what are called (T-donors, such as saturated hydrocarbons, including methane (CH4), the simplest parent saturated hydrocarbon. [Pg.100]

Trivalent carbenium ions are the key intermediates in electrophilic reactions of Tt-donor unsaturated hydrocarbons. At the same time, pen-tacoordinated carbonium ions are the key to electrophilic reactions of cr-donor saturated hydrocarbons through the ability of C-H or C-C single bonds to participate in carbonium ion formation. [Pg.149]

This realization led me to study related possible intermolecular electrophilic reactions of saturated hydrocarbons, Not only protolytic reactions but also a broad scope of reactions with varied electrophiles (alkylation, formylation, nitration, halogenation, oxygenation, etc.) were found to be feasible when using snperacidic, low-nucleophilicity reaction conditions. [Pg.162]

The superacid-catalyzed electrophile oxygenation of saturated hydrocarbons, including methane with hydrogen peroxide (via H302 ) or ozone (via HOs ), allowed the efficient preparation of oxygenated derivatives. [Pg.166]

The lack of reactivity of acyl cations such as the acetyl cation with deactivated aromatics or saturated hydrocarbons is therefore not un-... [Pg.193]

Protonation of formic acid similarly leads, after the formation at low temperature of the parent carboxonium ion, to the formyl cation. The persistent formyl cation was observed by high-pressure NMR only recently (Horvath and Gladysz). An equilibrium with diprotonated carbon monoxide causing rapid exchange can be involved, which also explains the observed high reactivity of carbon monoxide in supera-cidic media. Not only aromatic but also saturated hydrocarbons (such as isoalkanes and adamantanes) can be readily formylated. [Pg.196]

This may be a factor while aeid-catalyzed transformations (isomerization, alkylation) of saturated hydrocarbons proceed preferentially in excess strong acid media. [Pg.201]

Finally in our treatment of one group disconnections we ought to consider how to synhiesise Mly saturated hydrocarbons - compormds witli no FG at all These are often made by hydrogenation of a double bond, and so the discoimection can be made anywhere we like ... [Pg.22]

Saturated hydrocarbons were a problem because they have no functionality. It can be just as bad when a molecule has several functional groups aU apparently unrelated. Bisabolene (TM 384) has three double bonds, aU rather widely separated. Comment on possible strategies in terms of the hkely origin of each double bond and the probable order of events. [Pg.122]

Alkenes are commonly described as unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have the capacity to react with substances which add to them Alkanes on the other hand are said to be saturated hydrocarbons and are incapable of undergoing addition reactions... [Pg.230]

Saturated hydrocarbon (Section 6 1) A hydrocarbon in which there are no multiple bonds... [Pg.1293]

All bonds between equal atoms are given zero values. Because of their symmetry, methane and ethane molecules are nonpolar. The principle of bond moments thus requires that the CH3 group moment equal one H—C moment. Hence the substitution of any aliphatic H by CH3 does not alter the dipole moment, and all saturated hydrocarbons have zero moments as long as the tetrahedral angles are maintained. [Pg.328]


See other pages where Saturate hydrocarbons is mentioned: [Pg.43]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.131]    [Pg.270]    [Pg.314]    [Pg.370]    [Pg.54]    [Pg.266]    [Pg.1058]    [Pg.1079]    [Pg.30]    [Pg.41]    [Pg.54]    [Pg.128]    [Pg.126]    [Pg.130]    [Pg.146]    [Pg.147]    [Pg.147]    [Pg.165]    [Pg.167]    [Pg.212]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.4]    [Pg.11]    [Pg.191]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.210 , Pg.225 , Pg.226 , Pg.239 , Pg.240 , Pg.325 , Pg.326 , Pg.327 , Pg.328 , Pg.331 ]




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Activation of Saturated Hydrocarbons on Solid Catalysts

Activation of saturated hydrocarbons

Additives reaction with saturated hydrocarbon

Alkane A saturated hydrocarbon with the

Alkane A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula

Alkane Hydrocarbons Saturated

Branched chain alkane Saturated hydrocarbon

Bridge-mediated electron transfer saturated hydrocarbon bridges

Carbonyl oxides saturated hydrocarbon oxidation

Chain saturated hydrocarbons

Cooper Saturated Hydrocarbons

Cyclic hydrocarbons saturated

Cycloalkanes Cyclic saturated hydrocarbons

Cycloalkanes Saturated hydrocarbons that

Cycloalkanes Saturated hydrocarbons that conformation

Deuterium-saturated hydrocarbon exchange reaction

Discrimination of Cryptochirality in a Saturated Quaternary Hydrocarbon by Asymmetric Autocatalysis

Electron transfer saturated hydrocarbon bridges

Esters saturated hydrocarbon

Functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons

Helical Hydrocarbons, saturated

Hydrocarbon (cont saturated

Hydrocarbon bridges saturated

Hydrocarbon saturation

Hydrocarbon saturation

Hydrocarbon spring saturated

Hydrocarbon, saturated, preparatio

Hydrocarbon, saturated, preparation

Hydrocarbons (Satured and Unsaturated)

Hydrocarbons Organic compounds that saturated

Hydrocarbons acyclic saturated

Hydrocarbons saturated and unsaturated

Hydrocarbons saturated, incompatibilities with

Hydrocarbons, aromatic saturated

Hydrocarbons, saturated

Hydrocarbons, saturated

Hydrocarbons, saturated unsaturated

Hydrocarbons, saturated, bond

Hydrocarbons, saturated, bond energies

Hydrocarbons, saturated, chlorination

Hydrocarbons, saturated, purification

Hydrocarbons, saturated, reactions with

Hydrocarbons, saturated, reactions with atoms

Hydrocarbons, saturated, reactions with oxygen atoms

Hydrogenation to saturated hydrocarbons

Hydrogenation to saturated hydrocarbons homogeneous catalysis

Hydrogenolysis of saturated hydrocarbons

Hydroxyl radical saturated hydrocarbons

Insertion saturated hydrocarbon

Isomerization saturated hydrocarbons, mechanism

Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons

Organic chemistry saturated hydrocarbon

Organic compounds saturated hydrocarbons

Oxidation of Other Saturated Hydrocarbons

Oxidations saturated hydrocarbon oxidation

Oxygen atom transfer saturated hydrocarbon oxidation

Oxygenation of saturated hydrocarbons

Peroxide vulcanization of saturated hydrocarbon elastomers

Physisorption hydrocarbons, saturated

Polyenes hydrogenation to saturated hydrocarbons

Radiation chemistry of organic liquids saturated hydrocarbons

Reactions involving saturated hydrocarbons

Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons

Saturated B-homo ketones and hydrocarbons

Saturated Hydrocarbon Acids

Saturated Hydrocarbon Polymers

Saturated Hydrocarbons The Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Saturated Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons reactions and characterisation

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons table

Saturated and Unsaturated Acyclic Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbon bromination

Saturated hydrocarbon elastomers

Saturated hydrocarbon elastomers, peroxide

Saturated hydrocarbon elastomers, peroxide vulcanization

Saturated hydrocarbon functionalization

Saturated hydrocarbon lithium complexes

Saturated hydrocarbon oxidation

Saturated hydrocarbon reactions

Saturated hydrocarbon rubber

Saturated hydrocarbon series

Saturated hydrocarbon, definition

Saturated hydrocarbons Table

Saturated hydrocarbons activation

Saturated hydrocarbons biological oxidations

Saturated hydrocarbons chemisorption

Saturated hydrocarbons conversion

Saturated hydrocarbons enzymic hydroxylations

Saturated hydrocarbons hydrogen abstraction from

Saturated hydrocarbons reactivity

Saturated hydrocarbons straight-chain

Saturated hydrocarbons studies

Saturated hydrocarbons, adsorption

Saturated hydrocarbons, chromatograms

Saturated hydrocarbons, diffusion

Saturated hydrocarbons, distributions

Saturated hydrocarbons, production

Saturated hydrocarbons, production volume

Saturated hydrocarbons, structures

Saturated hydrocarbons, vibrational modes

Saturated hydrocarbons. See

Saturated hydrocarbons. See Alkanes

Saturated versus unsaturated hydrocarbons

Solid Saturated Hydrocarbons, Chemistry of Ionic States in (Kevan and ibby)

States, in Solid Saturated Hydrocarbons, Chemistry of (Kevan and ibby)

Substitution Reactions of Saturated Polymeric Hydrocarbons

Superexchange mechanism saturated hydrocarbon bridges

The hydrophosphonation of saturated hydrocarbons

Transformation of fatty acid esters into saturated hydrocarbon mixtures

Trienes hydrogenation to saturated hydrocarbons

Un saturated hydrocarbons

Vulcanization saturated hydrocarbon

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