Hydrocarbons, saturated, bond

In a class of reahstic lattice models, hydrocarbon chains are placed on a diamond lattice in order to imitate the zigzag structure of the carbon backbones and the trans and gauche bonds. Such models have been used early on to study micelle structures [104], monolayers [105], and bilayers [106]. Levine and coworkers have introduced an even more sophisticated model, which allows one to consider unsaturated C=C bonds and stiffer molecules such as cholesterol a monomer occupies several lattice sites on a cubic lattice, the saturated bonds between monomers are taken from a given set of allowed bonds with length /5, and torsional potentials are introduced to distinguish between trans and "gauche conformations [107,108]. 

The analysis of published data on reactions of ozone with low molecular hydrocarbons shows that double bonds react with ozone more quickly than saturated bonds (12). Ozone reacts with saturated hydrocarbons in reactions in which hydrogen abstraction s followed by re-hydridization of the carbon atom form sp to sp state (43,44) ... 

No, aromatic hydrocarbons cannot be saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons, like hexane (C6H14), have only single bonds between the sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. 

Saturable dye absorber, 14 677 Saturated aqueous salt solution, 9 34 Saturated calomel electrode (SCE), 9 571 Saturated fatty acids, 10 829, 830 Saturated hydrocarbons adsorbent affinity, 1 674 adsorption by zeolites, 1 624 fluorine reactivity with, 11 831 isomerization of, 12 172—173 Saturated polyester resins, based on trimethylpentanediol, 12 673 Saturated polyesters, 10 7 Saturated synthetic rubber, 10 705 Saturation and coating processes, 10 12-13 Saturation bonding, 17 509-510 Saturation color, 19 262 Saturation concentration, 15 677 Saturation index... 

In contrast with these results, catalytic cracking yields a much higher percentage of branched hydrocarbons. For example, the catalytic cracking of cetane yields 50-60 mol of isobutane and isobutylene per 100 mol of paraffin cracked. Alkenes crack more easily in catalytic cracking than do saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons tend to crack near the center of the chain. Rapid carbon-carbon double-bond migration, hydrogen transfer to trisubstituted olefinic bonds, and extensive isomerization are characteristic.52 These features are in accord with a carbo-cationic mechanism initiated by hydride abstraction.43,55-62 Hydride is abstracted by the acidic centers of the silica-alumina catalysts or by already formed carbocations ... 

The term saturated means that each carbon has as many atoms bonded to it as possible. We now explore cases where one or more carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon are bonded to fewer than four neighboring atoms. This occurs when at least one of the bonds between a carbon and a neighboring atom is a multiple bond. (See page 198 for a review of multiple bonds.)... 

Butane Molecular formula C4H10 a straight-chain hydrocarbon saturated, single bonds. 

From information related to linear saturated hydrocarbon structures bond strengths of about 80 kcal mol-1, bond lengths of about 154 pm and bond angles of about 109° are quoted as standard reference values for C—C bonds. 

Each H atom in a saturated hydrocarbon is bonded to only one C atom. Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds. Petroleum and natural gas are composed mostly of saturated hydrocarbons. 

A carbon atom can be bonded to as many as four halogen atoms, so an enormous number of organic halides can exist. Completely fluorinated compounds are known as fluorocarbons or sometimes perfluorocarbons. The fluorocarbons are even less reactive than hydrocarbons. Saturated compounds in which all H atoms have been replaced by some combination of Cl and F atoms are called chlorofluorocarbons or sometimes freons. These compounds were widely used as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol cans. However, the release of chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere has been shown to be quite damaging to the earth s ozone layer. Since January 1978, the use of chlorofluorocarbons in aerosol cans in the United States has been banned, and efforts to develop both controls for existing chlorofluorocarbons and suitable replacements continue. The production and sale of freons have been banned in many countries. 

The hydrogenation of hydrocarbons involves the saturation of the non-saturated bonds (6.51), which are formed during all the cracking processes shown in the previous sections. 

Babin has studied the sulphamoylation of organosilicon compounds (301) using unsubstituted sulphamoyl chloride. The reaction has led to the isolation of a,/ -acetylenic sulphonamides (302) (equation 97)304. Most of the products are new compounds and constitute the first a, -acetylenic sulphonamides bearing a saturated hydrocarbon group bonded to the triple bond. 

Molecules that have double and triple covalent bonds are termed unsaturated—that is, each carbon atom is not bonded to the maximum (foin) other atoms. Therefore, it is possible for another atom or group of atoms to become attached to the original molecule. Furthermore, for a saturated hydrocarbon, all bonds are single ones, and no new atoms may be joined without the removal of others that are already bonded. 

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