Hydrocarbons, aromatic saturated

Typical nonsieve, polar adsorbents are siUca gel and activated alumina. Kquilihrium data have been pubUshed on many systems (11—16,46,47). The order of affinity for various chemical species is saturated hydrocarbons < aromatic hydrocarbons = halogenated hydrocarbons < ethers = esters = ketones < amines = alcohols < carboxylic acids. In general, the selectivities are parallel to those obtained by the use of selective polar solvents in hydrocarbon systems, even the magnitudes are similar. Consequendy, the commercial use of these adsorbents must compete with solvent-extraction techniques. 

Decomposition late studies on dialkyl peioxydicaibonates ia vaiious solvents leveal diamatic solvent effects that ptimatily lesult fiom the susceptibiUty of peioxydicaibonates to iaduced decompositions. These studies show a decieasiag oidei of stabiUty of peioxydicaibonates ia solvents as follows TCE > saturated hydrocarbons > aromatic hydrocarbons > ketones (29). Decomposition rates are lowest in TCE where radicals are scavenged before they can induce the decomposition of peroxydicarbonate molecules. 

Hydriodic acid, 187, 188 Hydrobenzamide, 711, 720 Hydrobromic acid, 186, 187 Hydrocarbons, saturated, 234, 1058 unsaturated, 239, 1057, 1058 see also under Aromatic hydrocarbons and Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons... 

Saturated hydrocarbons Olefinic hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Halocarbons Mercaptans Sulfides CS2 Ethers Ketones Aldehydes Esters Tertiary amines Nitro compounds (without a-H atoms) Nitriles (without a-atoms)... 

Organic Carbon Total Benzene Extract Saturated Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nonhydrocarbons Sat./Arom. Ratio... 

Petroleum can be fractionated into four generic types of materials representing general chemical properties. These include saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes. The standard ASTM separation procedure (D2007) for isolating the asphaltenes and the other components in petroleum is based on solubility behavior and chromatography, as shown in Fig. 5. Commerically, many refineries utilize solvent separations to produce a solvent deasphalted oil which has lower impurity levels. 

Funk, E. W, and J. M. Prausnitz. 1970. Thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures Aromatic-saturated hydrocarbon systemtod. Eng. Chem62 8-15. 

Alcohols, amines, phenols, aliphatic saturated aldehydes, thioethers, ethers, fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, aromatics, vinyl-type fluorori-nated, and those with one chlorine atom all give a low response. 

Another example12 is the separation of atmospheric hydrocarbons on an FID and a photoionization detector (PID), which is more sensitive for unsaturated hydrocarbons (Figure 6.7). The identities of the peaks are given in Table 1 along with the PID/FID response ratios. It can be seen that the ratios can be used as additional information in assigning peak identities. In fact, Figure 6.8 shows that the hydrocarbon type (saturates, olefins, or aromatics) can be assigned from the detector ratio in many cases. 

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Other Chlorinated Compounds. The substitution of chlorine atom for hydrogen in a compd greatly increases the anesthetic action of the derivative. In addn, the chlorine deriv is less specific than the parent hydrocarbon in its action, and may affect other tissues along with those of the central nervous system of this body. The chlorine deriv is generally quite toxic and may cause liver, heart Sc kidney damage. As a rule, unsaturated chlorine derivs are highly narcotic but less toxic than saturated derivs. Sax(Ref 4) has discussed in detail the toxicities Sc hazards of a number of chlorinated compds, including Chlorinated Diphenyls Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Aliphatic Chlorinated Naphthalenes Chlorinated Phenols Chlorinated Triphenyls others. 

Simons process — Electrochemical polyfluorination reactions of organic compounds are the only efficient way to industrial production of perfluorinated compounds. The reaction proceeds in the solution of KF in liquid HF (b.p. 19.5 °C), where the starting substances as alcohols, amines, ethers, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons and halo-hydrocarbons, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, sulfo- or carboxylic acids are dissolved. During anodic oxidation, splitting of the C-H bonds and saturation of the C=C bonds occur and fluorine atoms are introduced. 

Define or identify each of the following terms (a) organic chemistry, (b) total bond order, (c) condensed formula, (d) structural formula, (e) fine formula, (/) hydrocarbon, (g) alkane, (h) aUcene, (/) alkyne, j) aromatic hydrocarbon, (k) saturated, (1) delocalized double bond, (m) isomerism, (n) cycloalkane, (o) radical, (p) functional group, (q) alcohol, (r) ether, (s) aldehyde, (f) ketone, (u) carbonyl group, and (v) ester. 

SiLLCA Gel Chromatotraphy. The acid-, base-, and neutral-nitro-gen-free asphaltene (.126 g) was dissolved in n-pentane (10 mL) and placed on a silica gel column (30 g) that had been wet-packed with n-pentane. The column was eluted with n-pentane (500 mL) to remove the saturate hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons were eluted from the column using 85% n-pentane-15% benzene (250 mL) and 60% benzene-40% methanol (250 mL). UV analyses of the saturate fraction indicated that trace amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons were present. The amount of saturates in the aromatic fraction, if any, is unknown. 

The details of the mechanism of decay of states in alkanes retain their interest. The effect of deuterium on fluorescence lifetimes has been discussed in terms of the theory of radiationless transitions. Analysis of fluorescence line shapes and Raman excitation profiles of tetradesmethyl-p-carotene in isopentane has been carried out at 190 and 230K . Solvation occurs over a time scale of about 100 fs whilst vibrational relaxation has a time scale of about 250 fs. The kinetics of the interaction of alcohols with the excited state of triethylamine shows involvement of a charge transfer exciplex . Ionizing radiation is a means of exciting saturated hydrocarbons and the complexity of three component systems containing saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic solvent, and fluorescent solute has been examined. ... 

Saturated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Heteroaromatic compounds Monophenols... 

Aromatic hydrocarbons with saturated side chains are distinguished from alkenes by their failure to decolorize bromine in carbon tetrachloride (without evolution of hydrogen bromide) and by their failure to decolorize cold, dilute, neutral permanganate solutions. (Oxidation of the side chains requires more vigorous conditions see Sec. 12.10.)... 

Hydrocarbon A compound composed of just carbon and hydrogen atoms may be alicyclic, cyclic, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated. 

The nature of crude oils depends on their source. Initial separation into components is carried out by atmospheric and vacuum distillation. Heavy ends are particular boiling point cuts, which can include atmospheric gas oil (250-350°C), atmospheric residues (350°C+) vacuum gas oil (350-5S0°C) and vacuum residues (5S0°C+). The descriptions are based on boiling points and, within a particular distillation cut, various chemical species can be identified. These include saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic atoms such as V, Ni, and S, which are associated with large organic molecules [5]. As a result of this complexity, the composition of the boiling cuts is often described in terms of their content of oils, resins and asphaltenes [6,7,8], the relative amounts of which vary depending on the cut and the source of the crude [6] Of these species, asphaltenes are particularly important in the present context since they are known to be associated with heavy coke formation [7,8]. 

Gasoline consists of a very large number of different hydrocarbons, and the individual hydrocarbons in gasoline cannot be conveniently used to describe gasoline. The composition of gasoline is best expressed in terms of hydrocarbon types (saturates, olefins, and aromatics) that enable inferences to be made about the behavior in service. 

The hydrocarbons fraction can be separated into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon subtractions, again on the basis of the greater polarity of the aromatics. Traditionally, the aliphatic hydrocarbons (or saturates) are described in terms of their paraffinic (acyclic alkane) and naphthenic (cycloalkane) content. Strictly, the term hydrocarbon should only be applied to compounds containing H and C atoms, but there are usually other compounds present in the hydrocarbons fraction isolated by simple chromatographic procedures that contain an atom of S, O or N (generally in the aromatics subtraction). 

Solvents include numerous chemical classes alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, glycols, aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, and mixtures (Lilis 1992). These chemicals extract, dissolve, or suspend insoluble materials such as fats and polymers (Joint WHO/Nordic Council of Ministers Working Group 1985). Solvents most associated with psychiatric illness are carbon disulfide, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures. 

The carbon number range covered is C20 to above C40. Fuel oils comprise saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic (15-45%) including PAHs and non-hydrocarbons (15-30%). These products are usually viscous, immobile and have a very low solubility in water. 

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