Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons table

Saturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Table III, 6. Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Table III, 11. Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Table IV, 9. 

Saponification see Hydrolysis Saponification equivalent of an ester, determination of. 392, 1065 Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, 233 reactions and characterisation of 234, 1058 table of, 235 ... 

Because of the chemical inertness of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and of the closely related cycloalkanes, no satisfactory crystalline derivatives can be prepared. A pure sample may be characterised by consideration of such physical properties such as the boiling point, the refractive index (and/or the density), and these physical constants are listed in Table 10.1. If required, confirmation of structure should be sought from a more detailed study of appropriate spectra, particularly 13C-n.m.r., and mass spectra. 

In 1979, Severson et al. (3616), in their study of the petro-lenm ether extractables (8% of tobacco weight) chromato-graphically separated into eight fractions (see Table XXV-8), reported the identification of PAHs in the pyrolysate from fraction F-1, the fraction containing the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from the tobacco. 

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

Aliphatic Chemicals. The primary aliphatic hydrocarbons used in chemical manufacture are ethylene (qv), propjiene (qv), butadiene (qv), acetylene, and / -paraffins (see Hydrocarbons, acetylene). In order to be useflil as an intermediate, a hydrocarbon must have some reactivity. In practice, this means that those paraffins lighter than hexane have Httle use as intermediates. Table 5 gives 1991 production and sales from petroleum and natural gas. Information on uses of the C —C saturated hydrocarbons are available in the Hterature (see Hydrocarbons, C —C ). 

The strength of interaction of hydrocarbons with metallic surfaces serves as a probe to investigate the role of desorption and adsorption of these species in a variety of catalytic reactions (Table XXIX). Ostrovskii and Medvedkova (242) used calorimetry and gas chromatography to measure heats of adsorption of C4-C8 hydrocarbons over Co before and after use in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. For the fresh samples, the adsorption of aliphatic hydrocarbons was reversible, and the initial heat of adsorption increased with increasing chain length of the adsorbate. It appeared that the saturated hydrocarbons were adsorbed with the C—C bond axis parallel to the surface, and the contributions from the CH3 and CH groups were calculated as cHj = -4.63 and mol". With these values, the experimental... 

The predicted surface tensions of the remaining six polymers listed in Table 7.5 cannot be compared with experimental data due to the lack of such data. They do, however, follow trends which may be expected from basic physical considerations. They are predicted to increase with increasing fractions of (a) units of high cohesive energy density and (b) aromatic moieties in the hydrocarbon portions of the polymeric repeat units, and to decrease with increasing fraction of saturated aliphatic moieties. 

In 1958, Wynder et al. (4355) described the effect of varying the pyrolysis temperature on the yield of pyrolysate from an n-hexane extract from tobacco. The extracted material constituted 5.4% of the original tobacco weight and consisted of long-chained saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, glycerides and other esters, solanesol and phytosterols and their esters, long-chained aliphatic esters, and a-tocopherol. Major findings from their study included (see also Table XXV-2) ... 

Table 5,3 Examples of QSAR models for estimating toxicity to fish of non-polar non-specific toxicants (e.g. alkanes, alkenes, saturated and unsaturated halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, basic ethers, cyclic ethers, ketones, amides, secondary and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic amines, alkylbenzenes, halogenated benzenes, piperazines, pyrimidines, polychlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides) log LC50 correlations with various parameters. 

The specialty class of polyols includes poly(butadiene) and polycarbonate polyols. The poly(butadiene) polyols most commonly used in urethane adhesives have functionalities from 1.8 to 2.3 and contain the three isomers (x, y and z) shown in Table 2. Newer variants of poly(butadiene) polyols include a 90% 1,2 product, as well as hydrogenated versions, which produce a saturated hydrocarbon chain [28]. Poly(butadiene) polyols have an all-hydrocarbon backbone, producing a relatively low surface energy material, outstanding moisture resistance, and low vapor transmission values. Aromatic polycarbonate polyols are solids at room temperature. Aliphatic polycarbonate polyols are viscous liquids and are used to obtain adhesion to polar substrates, yet these polyols have better hydrolysis properties than do most polyesters. 

Plasticizers include the esters of a few aliphatic and aromatic mono and dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic and aromatic phosphorus acid esters, ethers, alcohols, ketones, amines, amides, and non-polar and chlorinated hydrocarbons. These additives are used in various mixtures. For their separation and qualitative detection, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is preferred. Usually Kieselgur plates, 0.25 mm thick, activated at 110°C for 30 min, in the saturated vapor are used. Methylene chloride and mixtures of diisopropyl ether/petether at temperatures between 40 to 60°C have been successfully used as the mobile phase. Refer to Table 1. 

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