Hydrocarbons Organic compounds that saturated

The alkane, alkene, alkyne, and aromatic families are members of a larger grouping referred to as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. The alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics are unsaturated hydrocarbons since they contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds. The alkanes are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons since they do not contain carbon-carbon multiple bonds, only carbon-carbon single bonds. 

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen. In the simplest hydrocarbon, methane (CHt), the carbon atom forms an octet by sharing its four valence electrons with four hydrogen atoms. In organic molecules, every carbon atom has four bonds. A hydrocarbon is referred to as a saturated hydrocarbon when all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds. We can draw an expanded structural formula for a compound by showing all the bonds between atoms. 

The alkane series is also called the saturated hydrocarbon series because the molecules of this class have carbon atoms connected by single bonds only, and therefore have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms. These substances may be represented by the general formula C H2,I + 2 and molecules of successive members of the series differ from each other by only a CH2 unit. The line formulas and names of the first 10 members of the series, given in Table 21-2, should be memorized because these names form the basis for naming many other organic compounds. It should be noted that the first parts of the names of the later members listed are the... 

A paraffin hydrocarbon of molecular mass 114 kg/kmol at 373 K, is to be separated from a mixture with a non-volatile organic compound of molecular mass 135 kg/kmol by stripping with steam. The liquor contains 8 per cent of the paraffin by mass and this is to be reduced to 0.08 per cent using an upward flow of steam saturated at 373 K. If three times the minimum amount of steam is used, how many theoretical stages will be required The vapour pressure of the paraffin at 373 K is 53 kN/m2 and the process takes place at atmospheric pressure. It may be assumed that the system obeys Raoult s law. 

Ionic liquids display good solubility for some organic compounds, typically aromatics, but poor solubility for many saturated hydrocarbons, and solubilities of gases also depend on their properties. It has therefore been possible to run chemical reactions with reactants that are more soluble in the ionic liquids than products. 

When we have obtained a good correlation for normal paraffins, we would naturally want to know if we can extend this to the branched paraffins, and onward to the population of all the saturated hydrocarbons (by including the cyclic paraffins), and onward to the population of all hydrocarbons (by including olefins, acetylenes, and aromatic compounds), and then onward to the population of all organic compounds (by including compounds with heteroatoms, such as O, N, Cl). A correlation that applies accurately to a larger domain is more useful than one that works only for a smaller domain. 

The severity of these problems is quite sensitive to the nature of the particular organic, as expected, and likely to the particular sampling configuration and conditions as well. For example, Calogirou et al. (1997) showed that saturated oxygenated terpenes adsorbed on Tenax were not affected by the presence of 100 ppb 03 whereas as much as 80-90% of the most reactive, unsaturated compounds reacted. Indeed, no a-terpinene was observed when ozone was present. On the other hand, Koppmann et al. (1995) report no significant interference problems with 03 for the C2-C4 hydrocarbons which were sampled using a heated stainless steel inlet line, which destroys as much as half of the initial ozone, and then cryotrapped. 

Why are there so many organic compounds The answer is that a relatively small number of atoms can bond together in a great many ways. Take molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and have only single bonds. Such compounds belong to the family of organic molecules called saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes. 

---