Saliva collection

Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines Snuff Dipper Saliva Collected (ng/g)... 

Saliva Collect 3 mL aliquot with sterile pipette introduce into 2-ounce glass container and cap incubate 24 hours at 37°C withdraw through cap with gas-tight syringe. GC/FID, microcoul-ometric tritration NR NR Solis and Volpe 1973... 

Objective Can sexual advertising be related to hormonal conditions and circumstances Method Prospective field study, conducted at ten dancing-evenings including a total of 380 female probands. Data collection by questionnaire, video-tape and saliva collection,... 

Fig. 2 Defective saliva secretion in AQP5 null mice, a Photograph of saUva collected over 5 min from mice of indicated genotype. Salivation was stimulated by pilocarpine, b Averaged ( SE) osmolality and sodium concentration of saliva collected from wildtype and AQP5 null mice. From Ma et al. (1999)...

A study using a saliva collection procedure that also utilised absorbent paper pieces was reported by Zero et al. [26], They were also able to show variations in F levels around the mouth, although specific site-to-site comparisons were qualitatively different from those reported by Weatherell et al. [25] presumably because of differences in other aspects of the methodology. 

In a study of the infrared spectral characteristics of human whole stimulated saliva collected from individuals classified as to dental caries status, a correlation was found between absorption bands at 1389 and 833 cm", and the caries status of 398 airmen of the U.S. Air Force (Harris et al., 1959). Also flow rate and these infrared bands were directly correlated. In order to reinforce such presumptive evidence that the characteristics of the infrared curves might be an indicator of caries-susceptibility status, a series of infrared studies of the saliva of normally caries-resistant rodents and other animals was done and the results were compared with the composite curves of previous human caries-resistant and caries-susceptible groups (Harris et ai, 1960). Included in the study were pilocarpine-stimulated salivary specimens of the rat, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, and monkey. The spectra for all experimental animals within the same species were identical. The spectra of the saliva among the... 

Harris, N. O., Swanson, A., and Segreto, V. The Infrared Spectral Characteristics of Human Whole Stimulated Saliva Collected from Individuals Classified as to Dental Caries Experience (Report 56-90) Brooks Air Force Base, Texas School of Aviation Medicine, Dental Sciences Div., June 1959. 

Heroin or its metabolites have been identified in various biological matrices including plasma, urine, and saliva collected from human subjects administered heroin hair and sweat collected from heroin users urine, vitreous humor, and cerebrospinal fluid collected from cadavers whose death was due to narcotic intoxication and meconium collected from infants with prenatal exposure to heroin. Frequently, only morphine is assayed because of the instability of heroin and 6-acetylmorphine in blood, plasma, and... 

Saliva collected directly from the ducts possesses no proteolytic activity. However, oral bacteria produce a wide range of proteases and peptidases and these are found both in mixed saliva and in the dental plaque where they are responsible for the liberation of peptides and amino acids from protein. Under physiological conditions, these enzymes appear to be slow acting and are unlikely to have any significant effect on the dietary protein except at sites where meat or fish fibres are retained, e.g. between the teeth. 

Another application we have reported already in 1972 is the detection of THC in saliva after ingestion of 2 mg of THC on sugar. A few ml of saliva, collected after 30 min., were extracted with hexane, the extract concentrated to 100 yl and 2 yl injected. 

In order to verify some of these associations, we gave 4 women, who had been habitual snuff dippers for more than 10 years, identical samples of a snuff product. The women used this product under controlled conditions and we collected saliva twice on subsequent days. Table VII shows the differences observed... 

As with urine, saliva (spumm) is easy to collect. The levels of protein and lipids in saliva or spumm are low (compared to blood samples). These matrices are viscous, which is why extraction efficiency of xenobioties amoimts to only 5 to 9%. By acidifying the samples, extraction efficiencies are improved as the samples are clarified, and proteinaceous material and cellular debris are precipitated and removed. Some xenobioties and their metabohtes are expressed in hair. Hair is an ideal matrix for extraction of analytes to nonpolar phases, especially when the parent xenobioties are extensively metabolized and often nondetectable in other tissues (parent molecules of xenobioties are usually less polar than metabolites). Hair is a popular target for forensic purposes and to monitor drug compliance and abuse. Human milk may be an indicator of exposure of a newborn to compounds to which the mother has been previously exposed. The main components of human milk are water (88%), proteins (3%), lipids (3%), and carbohydrates in the form of lactose (6%). At present, increasing attention is devoted to the determination of xenobioties in breath. This matrix, however, contains only volatile substances, whose analysis is not related to PLC applications. 

Following oral administration of a lethal dose to a dog (25 mg. per kg. wettable powder) tissues taken immediately after death analyzed as follows no parathion recovered from bladder bile, liver, kidney, abdominal fat, saliva, or intestine small quantities (2 to 7 p.p.m.) of parathion recovered from oxalated blood, spleen, lung, brain, and spinal cord. The urinary bladder was strongly contracted and no urine could be collected. The results of these two experiments indicate a universal distribution of parathion following acutely lethal doses. 

Although most drugs are absorbed from the intestine by the blood capillary network in the villi, they can also be taken up by the lymphatic system (an integral and necessary part of the vascular system, the function of which is to collect extra tissue fluid and return it to the vascular compartment), particularly by M cells that reside in the Peyer s patch regions of the intestine. Peyer s patches have also been implicated in the regulation of the secretory immune response. Wachsmann et al. [277] reported that an antigenic material encapsulated within a liposome, when administered perorally, is taken up by these M cells and exhibited better saliva and serum IgA (primary and secondary)... 

Minor routes for excretion can include tears, saliva, sweat, exfoliated keratino-cytes, hair, and nasal discharge. These are of concern or significance only in rare cases. Accordingly, quantitation of excretion typically requires collection of urine, feces (and occasionally expired air) over a period of time. 

Contamination assessment of an injured individual should be performed by a trained health professional under the supervision of on-the-scene medical personnel. This assessment should include collecting radiation and chemical agent measurements using instrumentation identified in Section 6.12, nasal wipes, and collection of saliva, blood, and other samples for laboratory testing. The distribution of contamination and locations of wounds on the body should be recorded. 

There are medical tests to determine whether you have been exposed to chlordecone and/or its breakdown product, chlordecone alcohol. Levels of chlordecone and/or chlordecone alcohol can be measured in blood, saliva, feces, or bile. Chlordecone levels in blood are the best indicator of exposure to chlordecone. Since chlordecone remains in the blood for a long time, the test is useful for a long time after exposure has stopped. Chlordecone can be detected in saliva only within the first 24 hours after exposure therefore, this test has limited use. Blood levels of chlordecone are a good reflection of total body content of chlordecone. However, the test is an unsatisfactory indicator of the amount of chlordecone to which you have been exposed because you cannot be sure how much chlordecone left your body between the time you were exposed and the time the test is performed. These tests cannot predict how your health may be affected after exposure. The tests are not done in routine medical examinations, but doctors can collect body fluid samples and send them to a university medical center or a medical laboratory for analysis. Refer to Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

For primary isolation of HIV, patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected, the usual inoculum being 106-107 cells. This is the most productive specimen, although virus has been cultured from plasma, semen, tears, saliva, breast milk, and brain tissue. The virus can be cultured from patient specimens at any time in the course of disease, during which the titer changes. Blood contains approximately 60 TCID50% (50% tissue culture infective dose) per milliliter when a person is asymptomatic, and about 7000TCID50/ml in later stages of HIV disease. 

Saliva is known to be highly individual in its make-up and behavior. Its manner of collection, however, may greatly influence its composition. It is a common laboratory observation, for example, that even in a relatively small group of individuals some will be found whose saliva exhibits diastatic activity far removed from the average. A recent striking demonstration of the individuality of saliva is found in the observation that in order for an individual to taste phenylthiocarbamide, it must be dissolved in his own saliva.52 Neither water nor the saliva of another individual is effective. 

Not only is the amino acid composition of each saliva distinctive, but available data with respect to different electrolytes suggest that inter-individual variation in composition may also be large in these instances (Table 11). 54,55,56 Differences in mode of collection and in the diets of the subjects tend to lessen the meaning of these data. 

Collection of excreta and external secretions including sweat and uncannulated saliva, of placenta at delivery, and of amniotic fluid at the time of rupture of the membrane before or during labor... 

Saliva. The extraction of DNA from mouthwash samples provides high-yield, good-quality DNA that is also suitable for whole-genome amplification (23). The advantage of this sample source over blood is that the procedure for collecting samples is noninvasive, and the mouthwash samples are stable at room temperature for extended periods of time. 

More than 99% of body burden fluoride is found in calcified tissues. It is generally agreed that the level of chronic exposure extending over period of years is best assessed by determining fluoride concentrations in bone, but this tissue is for obvious reasons collected only rarely. Plasma fluoride concentrations in persons who have had no fluoride intake during the previous several hours can serve as a biomarker for the chronic level of fluoride intake and the total amount of fluoride in the body [104]. Saliva could similarly reflect bone fluoride concentrations, because the ratio of the concentration of fluoride in plasma to that in saliva is relatively constant. 

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