Nasal discharge

The threshold limit value—time integrated average, TLV—TWA, of chlorine dioxide is 0.1 ppm, and the threshold limit value—short-term exposure limit, STEL, is 0.3 ppm or 0.9 mg /m of air concentration (87,88). Chlorine dioxide is a severe respiratory and eye irritant. Symptoms of exposure by inhalation include eye and throat irritation, headache, nausea, nasal discharge, coughing, wheezing, bronchitis, and delayed onset of pulmonary edema. Delayed deaths occurred in animals after exposure to 150—200 ppm for less than one hour. Rats repeatedly exposed to 10 ppm died after 10 to 13 days of exposure. Exposure of a worker to 19 ppm for an unspecified time was fatal. The ingested systemic effects of low concentration chlorine dioxide solutions are similar to that of chlorite. 

Rat (Sprague- Dawley) 4 hr Resp Musc/skel 880 (congested lungs, bloody nasal discharge, rapid and shallow breathing) 880 (kyphosis) Kinkead et al. 1987b (B85-174)... 

Following intermediate-duration exposure to organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids, reversible rapid respirations were observed in rabbits exposed to 2,000 mg/m3 of a triaryl phosphate hydraulic fluid (Cellulube 220) (Carpenter et al. 1959) and reddish nasal discharge (likely to be indicative of respiratory tract irritation) was observed in rats exposed to 100 mg/m3 of Skydrol 500B-4 (Healy et al. 1992 ... 

Signs and Symptoms High fever coughing thick nasal discharge rapidly spreading, deep ulceration of the nasal mucosa submaxillary lymph nodes swollen and painful nodules on the skin, abdomen, and lower limbs death in 1-2 weeks. In the cutaneous form, the lymphatics are enlarged and nodular abscesses ("buds") of 0.5-2.5 cm develop, which ulcerate and discharge yellow oily pus. 

Signs and Symptoms Fever, anorexia, depression, increased respiratory and heart rates, and respiratory distress. Other potential signs include facial edema and frothy nasal discharge. 

Low concentration group appeared normal and gained weight. At 1000 gg/L, ocular and nasal discharges. At the high concentration, severe irritation evident plus nonspecific inflammation of brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney no deaths 81-84% of acrolein retained accumulations greater in upper respiratory tract than lower respiratory tract... 

Nasal discharge and cough for greater than 10-14 days or severe signs and symptoms such as temperature 39°C (1022°F)or facial swelling or pain are indications for antimicrobial therapy. 

M (nasal discharge, gasping, lung rales, mouth breathing)... 

Clinical signs Rales, nasal discharge (respiratory infection) Depressed... 

Minor routes for excretion can include tears, saliva, sweat, exfoliated keratino-cytes, hair, and nasal discharge. These are of concern or significance only in rare cases. Accordingly, quantitation of excretion typically requires collection of urine, feces (and occasionally expired air) over a period of time. 

When mice, rats, rabbits and guinea-pigs were exposed to a concentration of 0-88 mg./l. (i.e. 1/5000) of ethyl phosphorodifluoridate for 10 min. there was irritation of the eyes and nose with nasal discharge, lacrimation and salivation. Four minutes after exposure the mice and some of the rats developed dyspnoea, but all the animals recovered. When animals were exposed to a corresponding concentration of ethyl phosphorodi-chloridate (1-46 mg. 1. 1/5000), similar symptoms were observed and no deaths resulted. 

Muscle tremors and convulsions are characteristic effects of acute dermal phenol toxicity in laboratory animals. Tremors that developed into convulsions and prostration were reported in rats exposed to 107.1 mg/kg liquid phenol application surface areas were not reported (Conning and Hayes 1970). In pigs, application of 500 mg/kg over 35-40% of the body surface (0.44 mg/cm2/kg) resulted in muscular tremors in the head region within 3-5 minutes of exposure (Pullin et al. 1978). This was followed by dilation of the pupils, loss of coordination, and excess salivation and nasal discharge within 5 minutes of exposure. It was followed by convulsions, coma, and death 5-7 minutes after exposure in two of three pigs. Direct application of a dose of 37.5 mg/kg phenol to the inner ear resulted in a reduced threshold for auditory brainstem response (Schmidt et al. 1990). 

Symptoms of exposure Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, miosis, lachrymation, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, sweating, muscle twitching, convulsions, and coma (Patnaik, 1992). An acceptable daily intake reported for humans is 0.01 mg/kg body weight (Worthing and Hance, 1991). 

Rhabdomyolysis injury to muscle tissue Rhinorrhoea watery nasal discharge... 

Rhinitis. Nasal discharge could be prevented by parasympatholytics however, other atropine-like effects (pp. 

Rats exposed to 1500 ppm for four 6-hour periods exhibited nasal discharge, weight loss, lethargy, and kidney congestion. At 3 00 ppm, twenty 6-hour exposures produced all but the latter effect. No toxic signs resulted from exposure to 80 ppm for twenty 6-hour periods. 

In rats, the LCso for 8 hours was 670 ppm effects were lacrimation, nasal discharge, dyspnea, and narcosis. In rats repeatedly exposed to 600 ppm for 8 hours daily, effects were pronounced irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract more than half of the rats developed corneal opacity at necropsy, after 25 exposures, pulmonary findings were inflammation, bronchiectasis, and bronchopneumonia. ... 

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