Tissues calcified

Radiographs of affected joints may have characteristic appearances of gout, including cystic changes, punched-out lytic lesions with overhanging bony edges, and soft-tissue calcified masses. These signs may appear in other arthropathies as well. 

Sigel JE, Smith TA, Reith JD, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in deep soft tissue calcifying fibrous pseudotumor evidence of a late sclerosing stage of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor Ann Diagn Pathol. 2001 5 10-14. 

The mechanisms of calcification and the methods of preventing calcification are active areas of current research [106]. The most common methods of studying calcification involve valve tissue implanted either subcutaneously in 3-week-old weanling rats, or valves implanted as mitral replacements, in young sheep or calves. Results of both types of studies show that bioprosthetic tissue calcifies in a fashion similar to clinical implant, but at a greatly accelerated rate. The subcutaneous implantation mode is a well-accepted, technically convenient, economical, and quantifiable model for investigating mineralization issues. It is also very useful for determining the potential of new antimineralization treatments. 

Valve Problems. The primary solution to valve problems has been implantable replacement valves. The introduction of these devices necessitates open-heart surgery. There are two types of valves available tissue (porcine and bovine) and mechanical. The disadvantage of tissue valves is that these have a limited life of about seven years before they calcify, stiffen, and have to be replaced. The mechanical valves can last a lifetime, but require anticoagulant therapy. In some patients, anticoagulants may not be feasible or may be contraindicated. Of the valves which require replacement, 99% are mitral and aortic valves. The valves on the left side of the heart are under much greater pressure because the left ventricle is pumping blood out to the entire body, instead of only to the lungs. Occasionally, two valves are replaced in the same procedure. 

Bone, or osseous tissue, is composed of osteocytes and osteoclasts embedded in a calcified matrix. Hard tissue consists of about 50% water and 50% solids. The solids are composed of cartilaginous material hardened with inorganic salts, such as calcium carbonate and phosphate of lime. 

In parallel developments, oxygen isotope studies based on the stable phosphate ion in calcified tissues have been found to be more successful using enamel than bone as sample material (Ayliffe et al. 1994 Bryant et al 1994), and similarly oxygen isotopes from the less stable C—0 bond in enamel carbonate seems to be more predictable (Bocherens et al. 1996). Researchers exploring the relationship between Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and carbonate content in enamel have found that dates are mostly consistent when carbonate levels did not deviate much from biogenic levels (Grun et al. 1990 Rink and Schwarcz 1995). 

Blumenthal, N.C., Belts, F. and Posner, A.S. 1975 Effect of carbonate and biological macromolecules on the formation and properties of hydroxyapatite. Calcified Tissue Research 18 81-90. 

Stabilization of amorphous calcium phosphate by Mg and ATP Calcified Tissue Research 23 245-250. 

Chickerur, N.S., Tung, M.S. and Brown, WE. 1980 A mechanism for the incorporation of carbonate into apatite. Calcified Tissue International 32 55-62. 

Driessens, F.C.M., van Dijk, J.W.E. and Borrgreven, J.M.P.M. 1978 Biological calcium phosphates and their role in the physiology ofbone and dental tissues. 1. Composition and solubility of calcium phosphates. Calcified Tissue Research 26 127-137. 

Rey, C., Renugopalakrishnan, V., Shimizu, M., Collins, B. and Glimcher, M.J. 1991 A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform spectroscopic study of the environment of the COj ion in the mineral phase of enamel during its formation and maturation. Calcified Tissue International 49 259-268. 

Baud, C.A., Bang, S., Lee, H.S. and Baud, J.P 1968 X-ray studies of strontium incorporation into bone mineral in vivo. Calcified Tissue Research Supplement 2 6. 

Bronner, F. and Lemaire, R. 1969 Comparison of calcium kinetics in man and rat. Calcified Tissue Research 3 238-248. 

DeMoss, D.L. and Wright, G.L. 1997 Analysis of whole skeleton 3H-tetracycline loss as a measure ofbone resorption in maturing rats. Calcified Tissue International 61 412 17. 

Wolfe, M.S., Klein, L. 1996 Sex differences in absolute rates of bone resorption in young rats appendicular versus axial bones. Calcified Tissue International 59 51-57. 

Knapen, M.H.J., Kon-Siong, G.J., and Hamulyak, K. et al. (1993). Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblast activity in urinary calcium loss. Calcified Tissue International 53, 81-85. 

Bone is a porous tissue composite material containing a fluid phase, a calcified bone mineral, hydroxyapatite (HA), and organic components (mainly, collagen type). The variety of cellular and noncellular components consist of approximately 69% organic and 22% inorganic material and 9% water. The principal constiments of bone tissue are calcium (Ca ), phosphate (PO ), and hydroxyl (OH ) ions and calcium carbonate. There are smaller quantities of sodium, magnesium, and fluoride. The major compound, HA, has the formula Caio(P04)g(OH)2 in its unit cell. The porosity of bone includes membrane-lined capillary blood vessels, which function to transport nutrients and ions in bone, canaliculi, and the lacunae occupied in vivo by bone cells (osteoblasts), and the micropores present in the matrix. 

Eliel, L. P., Smith, L. C., Ivey, J. L., Baylink, D. J., Longitudinal changes in radial bone mass — dietary caffeine, milk, and activity, Calcified Tissue International, 35, 669 (Abstract), 1983. 

FIG. 2.7. Illustration of the way in which multi-cellular organisms combine their cells physically through extracellular connective tissue, often calcified, to give shape and developed cell-cell communication through elements and chemicals. Note that all this evolution was made possible by oxidation following inevitably from the release of 02... 

In 1992, Paul and Van Alstyne reported on the processes that occur after tissue disruption in different species of the calcified green seaweed Halimeda [56]. After wounding, these algae transform their major secondary metabolite, the his-enoylacetate diterpene halimedatetraacetate (48), into halimedatrial (50) and epihalimedatrial (51). The structural relationship between the educt and the reaction products suggests that the transformation occurs by a combination of solvolysis and hydrolysis reactions as indicated in Scheme 14 [108]. 

Nakano, T., Kaibara, K., Tabata, Y., Nagata, N., Enomoto, S., Marukawa, E. and Umakoshi, Y. (2002) Unique alignment and texture of biological apatite crystallites in typical calcified tissues analyzed by microbeam X-ray diffractometer system. Bone, 31, 479-487. 

Compston, J. 2005. Recombinant parathyroid hormone in the management of osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 77(2), 65-71. 

Sealy, J., Armstrong, R. and Schrire, C. (1995). Beyond lifetime averages tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity 69 290-300. 

FTRS was not originally used on calcified tissue because of problems with sample fluorescence and low signal-to-noise ratio. However, the introduction of near infrared lasers and improvements in the technique have allowed these... 

Akesson, K., Grynpas, M.D., Hancock, R. G. V., Odselius, R., and Obrant, K. J. (1994). Energy-dispersive X-ray-microanalysis of the bone mineral content in human trabecular bone - a comparison with ICP-ES and neutron-activation analysis. Calcified Tissue International 55 236-239. 

Weiner, S. and Price, P. A. (1986). Disaggregation of bone into crystals. Calcified Tissue International 39 365-375. 

Calcium Phosphates And Calcified Tissues. Precipitation in the system Ca(0H)2 - H3PO4 - H2O can lead to the formation of several calcium phosphates (shown in Table IV), of which hydroxy-apatite 0HA is the most stable above a pH of about 4.1. The relative stabilities are illustrated in Figure 12. 

A compilation of the phases occurring in the different calcified tissues or calculi is given in Table V. If more than one apatite phase is involved, these generally occur as domains in the same apatitic particles of the mineral and cannot be separated physically (53, 57). 

Phases occurring in the mineral of calcified tissues and dental calculus ( 5 3, 57)... 

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