Safety level

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

OPTIMISE, a joint industry project, supported by EC-ESPRIT funding is such a project, where techniques are identified, optimised and validated for the inspection of bulk carriers, with the aim to increase the inspection scope and thus the safety level, at the same time reducing the time needed for the inspections. 

In both these NDT application fields, new construction and maintenance, these tendencies can lead to rationalisation, with cost reduction as a result, maintaining existing safety levels. 

What-if produces a table of narrative questions and answers suggesting accident scenano.s. consequences, and mitigation. Table 3.3.2-1 shows a typical What-If analysis for the Dock 8. < in the left in the line above the table is indicated the line/vessel that is being analyzed. To the right is the date and page numbers. The first row in the table contains the column headings beginning with i ie what-if question followed by the consequences, safety levels, scenario number and comments. 11C comments column may contain additional descriptive information or actions/ recommendations. 

Wliat If Consequences Safety Level Scenario Comments... 

What-If/Checklist analysis identifies hazards, possible accidents, qualitatively evaluates tlie consequences and determines the adequacy of safety levels. It is described in CCPS (1 )92 ). 

After developing questions, the PrHA team considers each to determine possible accident effects and list safety levels for prevention, mitigation, or containing the accident. The significance of each accident is determined and safety improvements to be recommended. This is repeated for each process step or area outside of team meetings for later team review... 

The results of a What-If/Checklist analysis are documented like the results of a What-lf analysis as a table of accident scenarios, consequences, safety levels, and action items. The results may also include a completed checklist or a narrative. The PrHA team may also document the completion of the checklist to illustrate its completeness. The PSM rule requires detailed... 

CfUidc Word Ufvi- AtlOU Cause Coflsequeuce Safety Level Sce- nario Action... 

Quide W rd Devi- atioH Cause Consequence Safety Level Scen- ario Action... 

Documentation and verification are two principles that support quality by assuring that food production and management systems are capable of achieving certain quality or safety levels. 

Such hydrogen sensors must be rugged, hydrogen specific, must not saturate at hydrogen safety levels, and must have a long and stable lifetime (>12 months) they must not... 

The what-if analysis method may simply generate a list of questions and answers about the process. However, it usually results in a tabular listing of hazardous situations, their consequences, safety levels, and possible options for risk reduction. 

The questions may be divided into specific areas of investigation usually related to consequences of interest, such as electrical safety, fire protection, or personnel safety. Each area is subsequently addressed by a team of one or more knowledgeable individuals. The team answers each question and addresses each concern (or indicates a need for more information) and identifies the hazard, potential consequences, engineered safety levels, and possible solutions. During the process, any new what-if questions that become apparent are added. Sometimes the proposed answers are developed by individuals outside the initial meeting, and then presented to the team for endorsement or modification. 

The purpose of a what-if/checklist analysis is to identify hazards, consider the types of accidents that can occur in a process or activity, evaluate in a qualitative manner the consequences of these accidents, and determine whether the safety levels against these potential accident scenarios appear adequate. The what-if/checklist analysis is described in detail in Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (CCPS, 1992). 

WHAT IF CONSEQUENCES SAFETY LEVELS SCEN- ARIO COMMENTS... 

GUIDE WORD DEVIATION CAUSE CONSEQUENCE SAFETY LEVELS SCE- NARIO COMMENTS/ ACTIONS... 

Effects. For each identified failure mode, the PrHA team should describe the anticipated effects of the failure on the overall system or process. The key to performing a consistent FMEA is to assure that all equipment failures are analyzed using a common basis. Typically, analysts evaluate effects on a worst-case basis, assuming that existing safety levels do not work. However, more optimistic assumptions may be satisfactory as long as all equipment failure modes are analyzed on the same basis. 

I. Achieving a required safety level can be a matter of selecting the appropriate safety performance indicator. 

Review Against Risk Acceptance Criteria - The comparison of an incident risk which is supplemented by the selected safety measures to achieve the requirements for company safety levels. 

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