Selection of safety measures

The selection of safety measures for a particular application will depend upon a number of factors, including t, ... 

Process definition is considered further in this chapter and the general hazards of plant operation are considered in Chapter 7. Chapters 3,4 and 5 cover the evaluation of chemical reaction hazards and the effect of process maloperations. The selection of safety measures is the subject of Chapter 6. Chapter 8 covers the implementation and maintenance of safety measures. 

Table 7.1 Strategy for selecting safety measures according to EN 292. The duties of the designer are shown as well as the priorities for selection of safety measures in design (from left to right).

The first three steps involve the execution of a risk assessment. An example of how this may be carried out will be presented in Chapter 24. We will here focus on the principles behind the legislation in the selection of safety measures or barriers. There is a clear relationship between the different types of safety measures according to EN 292 and Haddon s strategies for accident prevention (see Table 7.3). 

Exercise A tool manufacturer develops and markets a hand-held drilling machine. This has to be CE marked, which makes it necessary for the manufacturer to document the evaluations that have served as a basis for the selection of safety measures. Questions ... 

At this stage in design, the team concentrates on evaluations of layout and the selection of sub-assemblies, components and safeguards. When high and medinm risks are identified, measures have to be evaluated. These are documented in the fifth column. The strategy for selection of safety measures according to EN 292 referred to above must be considered. The team also has to consider the effects of the measures on the usability of the machinery and the costs of the measures. 

When the risk is medium or high , measures in design are evaluated by considering the strategy for selection of safety measures according to EN 292, see Chapter 7. The current state-of-the-art in the design of similar types of machinery should be consulted. 

TABLE 20.15. Selected Examples of Safety Measurements and Tests for a Specialized Dermatological Examination... 

In the case of high demand or continuous mode safety functions lEC 61508-1, table 3, gives the SIL which guides the selection of the measures adopted for avoidance of systematic failures. 

A comprehensive estimation of the probability and the degree of possible injury or damage to health in a hazardous situation in order to select appropriate safety measures ... 

The fifth section of the book provides the reader with practical tools and methodologies to address behavioural adaptation in research and design, and to limit the potential negative effects before they happen. In Chapter 18, Michael Manser, Janet Creaser, and Linda Ng Boyle present and discuss a selection of methodological, measurement, and analysis issues that arise within behavioural adaptation research and that should be addressed in any well-controlled research studies. Adopting their advice should facilitate road safety stakeholders ability to interpret and employ any results in the development of effective safety systems or transportation safety... 

It should be noted here that implementation of safety measures is a complex process involving official authorities, designers, road maintenance service, producers of safety barriers, testing institutions etc. It is expected that newly proposed provisions for retention levels will facilitate the selection of appropriate types of safety barriers. 

The identification of causes serves as a basis for the development of safety measures. The following preferences should be made in the selection of measures ... 

Then, an analytical model for the masonry structure is adopted to study the respond of it to different scenarios of loading. The kind of applied loads, the values for strength and elasticity of masonry components, the degree of stiffness, and the safety factors have to be decided for a realistic estimation of the degree of retrofitting and selection of remedial measures. This is a job of great responsibility since there are not adequate regulative frames and every monumental structure is a particular case study (Penelis 1996). 

Teaching human factors principles, motivational evaluation of safety measures and performing selected safety measures. - The training program starts with the presentation of a common safety problem to the audience. On the basis of this case study the motivation of accident involved individuals are examined. Safe and unsafe behavior will be discussed with respect to the following topics ... 

Eor evaluation of a particular laser installation, the standard should be consulted to determine the classification of the laser and appropriate safety measures. The maximum permissible exposure for the particular laser also should be determined in order to select the appropriate protective eyewear. 

The four process control parameters are temperature, pressure, flow, and level. Modem process level detection systems are varied and ubiquitous in modem chemical plants there are thousands of processes requiring Hquid level indication and Hquid level control. From accumulators to wet wells, the need for level devices is based on the need for plant efficiency, safety, quaUty control, and data logging. Unfortunately, no single level measurement technology works rehably on all chemical plant appHcations. This fact has spawned a broad selection of level indication and control device technologies, each of which operates successfully on specific appHcations. 

There are numerous other CCPS publications that may be helpful in your integration effort. In particular, the selection of measures to monitor the effectiveness of your integration effort and identify continuous improvement opportunities can be enhanced through the use of the results of a CCPS research and development effort to develop performance measures for CCPS s 12 process safety elements. These results will be described in the CCPS Guidelines for Developing Performance Measures for Continuous Improvement of Process Safety Management (scheduled for publication in... 

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a detailed information bulletin prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a chemical tliat describes tlie physical and healtli hazards, routes of exposure, precautions for safe handling and use, emergency and first-aid procedures, and control measures. Infonnation on an MSDS aids in tlie selection of safe products and helps prepare employers and employees to respond effectively to daily exposure situations as well as to emergency situations. It is also a source of information for identifying chemical hazards. 

R = 8.3145 kJ-K 1-kmol 1 and T is the reactor temperature (K). T is also the supply temperature of A whose yet unknown inventory mA is in the form of a superheated liquid. The total amount of B to be produced is 1000 kmol. T and mA are to be selected with the additional consideration of safety. The normal boiling point of A is 70°C, its latent heat of vaporization is 25,000 kJ-kmol-1, the liquid specific heat capacity is 140 kJ-kmol K 1, and its heat of combustion is 2.5 x 106 k.bkrnol. The residence time of the reactor is 1 min, and the safety is measured in terms of fire and explosion hazards on the basis of the theoretical combustion energy resulting form catastrophic failure of the equipment. 

The only sure way to determine the burning time of any kind, or even roll, of safety fuse is to cut a measured length of it, light it, and time it. The operator can then select a length which will provide the time delay he desires. 

Review Against Risk Acceptance Criteria - The comparison of an incident risk which is supplemented by the selected safety measures to achieve the requirements for company safety levels. 

The following tubes are a selection of those used to measure the instantaneous concentration of gases and vapors in the atmosphere. Tubes of this type are manufactured and distributed by the Drager organization in Europe (Draeger in the U.S. and Canada), and by the National Mine Service Company in the U.S. They can be obtained from a safety supply store. 

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