Lined vessels

The basic fluid-bed unit consists of a refractory-lined vessel, a perforated plate that supports a bed of granular material and distributes air, a section above the fluid bed referred to as freeboard, an air blower to move air through the unit, a cyclone to remove all but the smallest particulates and return them to the fluid bed, an air preheater for thermal economy, an auxiUary heater for start-up, and a system to move and distribute the feed in the bed. Air is distributed across the cross section of the bed by a distributor to fluidize the granular soflds. Over a proper range of airflow velocities, usually 0.8-3.0 m/s, the sohds become suspended in the air and move freely through the bed. 

Mercuric Sulfate. Mercuric s Af2iX.e.[7783-35-9] HgSO, is a colorless compound soluble ia acidic solutions, but decomposed by water to form the yellow water-iasoluble basic sulfate, HgSO 2HgO. Mercuric sulfate is prepared by reaction of a freshly prepared and washed wet filter cake of yellow mercuric oxide with sulfuric acid ia glass or glass-lined vessels. The product is used as a catalyst and with sodium chloride as an extractant of gold and silver from roasted pyrites. 

Large sulfuric acid plants are based on spray burners, where the sulfur is pumped at 1030—1240 kPa (150—180 psig) through several nossles iato a refractory-lined combustion chamber. An improved nossle, resistant to plugging or fouling, has been iatroduced (256). The combustion chambers are typically horizontal baffle-fitted refractory-lined vessels. The largest plants ia fertiliser complexes bum up to 50 t/h of sulfur. 

Storage. Purified and dry aHyl chloride can be safely stored in carbon steel vessels. Use of lined vessels is recommended if slight discoloration or trace presence of metals is undesirable for its intended use. In any event, the presence of air should be avoided for safety (flammabHity) reasons through the use of an inert gas pad. Tank vents should be treated, eg, by incineration, prior to venting to the atmosphere. Some commercial producers intentionaHy add about 0.1% propylene oxide as a stabilizer to prevent discoloration however, this is usuaHy unnecessary if product purity is sufficiently high. 

Chromium oxide is mixed with aluminum powder, placed in a refractory-lined vessel, and ignited with barium peroxide and magnesium powder. The reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining. Chromium metal of 97—99% purity is obtained, the chief impurities being aluminum, iron, and silicon (Table 4). Commercial chromium metal may also be produced from the oxide by reduction with silicon in an electric-arc furnace. 

Part UHT also contains more stringent details for nozzle welding that are required for some of these hi -strength materials. Part UCI has rules for cast-iron construction. Part UCL has rules for welded vessels of clad plate as lined vessels, and Part UCD has rules for ductile-iron pressure vessels. 

Lined vessels are used for many applications. Any type of lining can be used in an ASME Code vessel, provided it is compatible with the metal of the vessel and the contents. Glass, rubber, plastics, rare metals, and ceramics are a few types. The hning may be installed separately, or if a metal is used, it may be in the rorm of clad plate. The cladding on plate can sometimes be considered as a stress-carrying part of the vessel. 

Lining vessels and equipment using this type of construction consists of a membrane, acid-resistant bricks or tiles, and chemical-resistant mortar for joining the bricks (tiles) together. 

What-if produces a table of narrative questions and answers suggesting accident scenano.s. consequences, and mitigation. Table 3.3.2-1 shows a typical What-If analysis for the Dock 8. < in the left in the line above the table is indicated the line/vessel that is being analyzed. To the right is the date and page numbers. The first row in the table contains the column headings beginning with i ie what-if question followed by the consequences, safety levels, scenario number and comments. 11C comments column may contain additional descriptive information or actions/ recommendations. 

In another case, acidic water was used to clean the inside of the water Jacket that surrounded a glass-lined vessel. Some hydrogen diffused through the wall of the vessel and developed sufficient pressure to crack the glass lining. 

Sprinkler and water spray installations-Many process and storage area buildings should be protected by automatic sprinkler systems. The size and arrangement for water supply are dependent upon the nature of the hazard and the degree of protection desired. Water spray installations are particularly adapted for cooling uninsulated steel structures, elevated pipe lines, vessels, spheres, and similar plant installations. 

Tables 10-16, 10-17, 10-18, and 10-18A give general estimating overall coefficients, and Table 10-19 gives the range of a few common film coefficients. Table 10-20 illustrates the effect of tube-wall resistance for some special construction materials. Table 10-20A lists estimating coefficients for glass-lined vessels. Also see Reference 215. See Table 10-24 for suggested water rates inside tubes.

In the chemical process industry molybdenum has found use as washers and bolts to patch glass-lined vessels used in sulphuric acid and acid environments where nascent hydrogen is produced. Molybdenum thermocouples and valves have also been used in sulphuric acid applications, and molybdenum alloys have been used as reactor linings in plant used for the production of n-butyl chloride by reactions involving hydrochloric and sulphuric acids at temperatures in excess of 170°C. Miscellaneous applications where molybdenum has been used include the liquid phase Zircex hydrochlorination process, the Van Arkel Iodide process for zirconium production and the Metal Hydrides process for the production of super-pure thorium from thorium iodide. 

A typical batch reactor (Figure 8.1) will be made of stainless steel or glass-lined steel. Stainless steel vessels have better heat transfer characteristics than their glass-lined counterparts and a wider array of reactor internals are available. Glass-lined vessels, on the other hand, can offer superior fouling or corrosion properties and are often used for reactions... 

Principles and Characteristics In the Parr bomb extraction technique (see also Section 8.2.1.2), a Teflon-tetrafluoroethylene fluorocarbon resin lined vessel is used for sample containment. A sample (typically 1 g) is heated in a small volume of solvent at T, t, p of choice. 

The biggest use of plastics is for piping sheets are also used for lining vessels and for fabricated ducting and fan casings. Mouldings are used for small items such as, pump impellers, valve parts and pipe fittings. 

High-quality bricks and tiles are used for lining vessels, ditches and to cover floors. The linings are usually backed with a corrosion-resistant membrane of rubber or plastic, placed behind the titles, and special acid-resistant cements are used for the joints. Brick and tile linings are covered in a book by Falcke and Lorentz (1985). 

An explosive variety (or compound) of arsenic was produced as a surface layer on the exposed iron surfaces of a corroded lead-lined vessel which contained 35% sulfuric... 

Crude material prepared in glass on 3 g mol scale was distilled uneventfully at 40°C/0.067 mbar from a bath at 70-80°C. A 30 mol batch prepared in a glass-lined vessel with a stainless steel thermo-probe (and later found to contain 15 ppm of iron) decomposed very violently dining distillation at 75°C/13 mbar from a bath at 130°C. Thermal analysis showed that the stability of the methyl (and ethyl) ester... 

Anon., CISHC Chem. Safety Summ., 1978, 49, 53 An explosion in a poorly maintained and infrequently cleaned rubber lined vessel used for diazotisation of 2-amino-5-nitrophenol was attributed to decomposition of traces of a diazonium derivative (possibly 4-nitrobenzenediazonium-2-oxide) which had accumulated and dried out on the underside of the lid. 

By the action of hydrogen chloride on butyl alcohol under pressure at temperatures above 130° in silver or silver-lined vessels. Basel and Kaufler, Ger. pat. 462,993 (1928). [C. A. 22, 4133 (1928).]... 

LINE/VESSEL Dock 8 HF Supply System DATE December 22, 1992 PAGE of... 

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