Proposed Answers

Selecting an appropriate method helps ensure that an analysis is accurate. It does not guarantee, however, that the result of the analysis will be sufficient to solve the problem under investigation or that a proposed answer will be correct. These latter concerns are addressed by carefully collecting the samples to be analyzed. 

The questions may be divided into specific areas of investigation usually related to consequences of interest, such as electrical safety, fire protection, or personnel safety. Each area is subsequently addressed by a team of one or more knowledgeable individuals. The team answers each question and addresses each concern (or indicates a need for more information) and identifies the hazard, potential consequences, engineered safety levels, and possible solutions. During the process, any new what-if questions that become apparent are added. Sometimes the proposed answers are developed by individuals outside the initial meeting, and then presented to the team for endorsement or modification. 

I begin to think up new questions about the project and its science. The best proposals answer those questions before I m done reading. I have a lot of respect for writers who can anticipate the questions that a reader will have and provide answers. 

Contact person assigned by funding agencies. Program officers coordinate the solicitation of proposals, answer questions about the funding initiative, and ultimately participate in award decisions. 

The proposed answers vary from because everyone does to because we think that the analytical results contain relevant information for the customer who asked for the analysis . Another often mentioned reason is simply because the customer asked for it . As Massart pointed out, it is to be hoped that your own answer is not this last one, but is instead tecause we think the value of the information present in the analytical result is more worth than the cost of obtaining it . This means that analytical information has an economical value. This fact confronts us with three problems, namely how can we quantify the amoimt of information, or the quality of information present in the analytical data What are the cost of chemical analysis How to quantify the economical value of analytical information ... 

The following questions are concerned with making standard solutions. It is essential to become familiar with and competent at calculations such as these. Mistakes in calculating and in making standard solutions are often the source of errors in analysis. Try to plan the steps you would use to make the solutions required. Avoid using pipettes smaller than 2 cm3 or larger than 25 cm3 because in inexperienced hands these can introduce large errors. You will find proposed answers at the end of the chapter. 

Hence, the proposed answer is not correct, because the factor of 10 should be replaced by 8. Otherwise, the proposed functional dependence is correct. 

These sentiments throw interesting light upon the plays of what Bond has called his Second Series The Fool The Bundle, or. New Narrow Road to the Deep North (performed and published in 1978) The Woman Scenes of War and Freedom (performed in 1978, published in 1979) The Worlds (performed in 1979, published in 1980) and Restoration (performed and published in 1981). In their different ways, these plays all seek to propose answers, no matter how provisional and problematic, to the crucial political and social issues facing us and our society in the late twentieth century. The Bundle is a reworking of Narrow Road to the Deep North, offering an extension of its allegorical structure. As Bond explained in The Guardian on 13 January 1978 The people in The Bundle all live by a river. Directly or indirectly they all live from it. From time to time it floods and destroys them. If, as the play invites, you substitute factories and offices - all industrialism - for the river, then my purpose is plain (Bond qtd in Roberts, 1985, p. 43). 

In our hydrogen molecule calculation in Section 2.4.1 the molecular orbitals were provided as input, but in most electronic structure calculations we are usually trying to calculate the molecular orbitals. How do we go about this We must remember that for many-body problems there is no correct solution we therefore require some means to decide whether one proposed wavefunction is better than another. Fortunately, the variation theorem provides us with a mechanism for answering this question. The theorem states that the... 

The banquet began with the Chairman of the Foundation proposing a toast to the King, who then answered with a silent toast to the memory of the great benefactor and philanthropist Alfred Nobel. 

Table A.4, taken from the CCPS Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design, shows the questions which need to be asked regarding the safety of the proposed reaction, the data required to answer those questions and some selected methods of investigation. The experimental analysis is extremely specialized, and companies should consider outsourcing the tests if they do not have specialists in this area.

One easily overlooked question to ask when selecting a toller is, What other materials will be handled and what other processes will be operated concurrently with our proposed toll The answers may... 

For sampling a relatively small number of sources, a simplified calculation form may be used. Such forms enable the office personnel to perform the arithmetic necessary to arrive at the answers, freeing the technical staff for proposals, tests, and reports. Many of the manufacturers of source-testing equipment include example calculation forms as part of their operating manuals. Some standard sampling methods include calculation forms as a part of the method (8). Many control agencies have developed standard forms for their own use and will supply copies on request. 

As w as mentioned earlier, extra rows are provided as can be seen in Figure 1. This gives extra flexibility needed for process design case studies. Often, the set of case studies initially envisioned by the engineer or manager are not sufficient to answer all questions. The extra rows allow intermediate recycles or intermediate flows from or additions to the plant that might not have been envisioned initially. Another value of the intermediate rows is to provide component values at intermediate points in the process. The breakeven value of a proposed purchase stream from another plant would be one use of intermediate component values. 

Once you have identified the root cause of the nonconformity you can propose corrective action to prevent its recurrence. Eliminating the cause of nonconformity and preventing the recurrence of nonconformity are essentially the same thing. The key to successful diagnosis of causes is to keep asking the question why When you encounter a don t know then continue the investigation to find an answer. 

In conducting a dry run, pay particular attention to the question and answer session ask your colleagues to play devil s advocate and challenge your proposal. If you are preparing by yourself, review your proposal critically and try to anticipate the toughest possible questbns. 

As you prepare your PSM proposal, ask yourself at each stage if it answers two questions Why should we do this " and "Why should we do it this way " Keep your audience and their agenda in mind at all times. 

Provide support materials to key people. Prepare a briefing document, drawn from the integration proposal and executive summary, that executives, colleagues, and staff can use in responding to internal or external enquiries or in crafting speeches and other presentations. This document is often framed in terms of providing answers to questions that employees or other interested parties may ask. Some sample questions and answers are provided at the end of this chapter. 

How do we know that the carbocation mechanism for electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes is correct The answer is that we don t know it s correct at least we don t know with complete certainty. Although an incorrect reaction mechanism can be disproved by demonstrating that it doesn t account for observed data, a correct reaction mechanism can never be entirely proved. The best we can do is to show that a proposed mechanism is consistent with all known facts. If enough facts are accounted for, the mechanism is probably correct. 

In light of your answer to Problem 14.43, propose a mechanism for the following reaction ... 

The proposed scenario is mainly based on the molecular approach, which considers conjugated polymer films as an ensemble of short (molecular) segments. The main point in the model is that the nature of the electronic state is molecular, i.e. described by localized wavefunctions and discrete energy levels. In spite of the success of this model, in which disorder plays a fundamental role, the description of the basic intrachain properties remains unsatisfactory. The nature of the lowest excited state in m-LPPP is still elusive. Extrinsic dissociation mechanisms (such as charge transfer at accepting impurities) are not clearly distinguished from intrinsic ones, and the question of intrachain versus interchain charge separation is not yet answered. 

We are not satisfied with the conclusion that this change or that change affects the equilibrium concentrations. We would also like to predict the direction of the effect (does it favor products or reactants ) and the magnitude of the effect (how much does it favor products or reactants ). The first desire, to know the qualitative effects, is answered by a generalization first proposed by a French chemist, Henry Louis Le Chatelier, and now called Le Chatelier s Principle. 

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