Safety culture questionnaires

One means of gathering data for monitor indicators is patient safety culture questionnaires. We have developed a patient safety culture questionnaire, TUKU, that measures employees perceptions of the organisational functions depicted in Table 9.4 as well as employees psychological states, such as sense of control and worry about patient safety (Reiman et al. 2013). In one hospital, the results of the questionnaire were compared with the ratio of patient safety incidents at the hospital s 40 units 16 months after the safety culture questionnaire was administered. The results, which must be treated with caution due to the small sample size, indicated that perceptions of work process management , work conditions management . 

Reiman, T., Silla, I. and Pietikainen, E. 2013. The validity of the Nordic patient safety culture questionnaire TUKU. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine, 25(3), 169-84. 

Pryseley, A.N. 2008. The Validation of the French Translation of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture Questionnaire. Unpublished Report, CenStat, Intemniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt, Universiteit Hasselt. 

Work began on the EUROCONTROL safety culture questionnaire in the early 2000s with a review of the safety culture literature. The review identified constracts of potential importance for measurement in ATM. The review focused on safety culture research from 2001-05 (and the review by Guldenmund 2000). 

Phase 5 Continuous Review and Development of the EUROCONTROL Safety Culture Questionnaire... 

Gordon, R., Kirwan, B., Meams, K., Kennedy, R. and Jensen, C.L. 1001. A Safety Culture Questionnaire for European Air Traffic Management. Paper to ESREL 2007, Stavanger, June, 2007. 

Kirwan, B., Meams, K. and Shorrock, S. 2012. The EUROCONTROL Safety Culture Questionnaire Lessons from Application. Paper to PSAM 11, Helsinki, Finland, 25-9 June 2012. 

ShoiTock, S.T, Meams, K., Laing, C. and Kirwan, B. 2011. Developing a safety culture questionnaire for European air traffic management Learning from experience. In M. Anderson (ed.). Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors 2011. London Taylor and Francis, 56-63. 

Stanton, N. and Glendon, I., Safety Culture Questionnaire, Griffith University, Australia and University of Southampton, England, 1996 (Private communication)... 

The general consensus within the literatnre is that assessing employee attitudes alone is not satisfactory when wishing to measnre an organization s safety culture, as they can only elicit safety perceptions and attitndes (HSE, 2005a). Other methods that can be used in addition to safety culture questionnaires include observational studies, focus groups, interviews, case studies, surveys, and qnestionnaires. 

Glendon, Stanton, and Harrison (1994) developed the Safety Culture Questionnaire (SCQ) for assessing safety cultures across the following eight dimensions ... 

FIGURE 15.9 Safety culture questionnaire extract. (From Stanton, N.A. and Glendon, A.I., Safety Science, 22(1-3), 1-13, 1996. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 15.12 Mean overall safety culture questionnaire ratings per job role group. 

Guldenmund, F.W. (2007) The use of questionnaires in safety culture research - an evaluation. Safety Science, 45(6) 723-43. 

Case studies were seen to promote better understanding of the rationale of current safety culture, the development need and obstacles. Based on the information gained throngh case studies, occupational physician s questionnaire snrvey as well as review and analysis of the literature drawing from several databases, authors stated the development of model system for safety culture. 

Further research already in progress (Jarvis et al. 2009 ) intends to analyze in-depth the results from two OPs questionnaire surveys and to test the model of safety culture. Another kind of study approach would be more suitable for probing deeper into safety culture issues at the company level, policies and practice in OH S. Authors planned the first longitudinal study of OH S approaches at the workplace level in Estonia, which will allow gaining insight about various organisational factors that might have... 

A total of 987 questioimaires were distributed to 44 randomly selected vessels, of which 41 vessels returned atotal of768 completed questionnaires. This gives a vessel response rate of 93% and an individual response rate of 78%. AU vessels were flying a flag listed on the Paris MOU white or grey Ust. This survey forms part of a major safety culture survey carried out in 2006, performed with a vaUdated instrument (Oltedal, Engen, 2008). 

Around 2004 the first safety culture tools designed for healthcare began to appear. Maity of these tools are in the form of survey instruments or questioimaires, the two most well-known being the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC) developed by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ - Sexton et al. 2006). Both instruments are described in detail within the book and illustrated with... 

In this subsection, we apply another type of safety performance data, i.e., self-reported staff attitudes to error reporting and interaction with the patient, to the test of criterion validity of the safety culture factors. For this purpose, we used the nurse sample of the Japanese data including more than 17,000 questionnaire responses collected from 82 hospitals (Itoh and Andersen, 2010). An example of resrrlts of correlation analysis is shown in Table 4.10 in terms of Spearman s rho, using the mild outcome case in the three vignettes offered - results for the near-miss and severe cases were quite similar to this case. 

Safety culture (and/or climate) measures may themselves be regarded as proxy measures of safety in the sense outlined above. However, few studies have found these measures to be strongly related to hard risk outcomes such as injuries and accidents (Guldemnund 2000 The Health Foundation 2011). There are several reasons for this apparent lack of correlation. Safety climate or culture is, by definition, shared within a social unit (a work group), but such units are usually ill defined and small. Safety climate or culmre is multi-faceted, and each facet is a constract, as described in the previous sections of this chapter, based on a few items from a questionnaire. Although the reliability and the intra-class correlation for the constructs can be acceptable, repeated measurements are typically infeasible, and when the questionnaire has been applied repeatedly, its responsiveness (the ability of the constract to reliable measure changes over time (de Vet et al. 2011)) is usually not reported but can be expected to be low. At the same time, since... 

Itoh, K., Abe, T. and Andersen, H.B. 2005. A questionnaire-based survey on healthcare safety culture from six thousand Japanese hospital staff Organisational, professional and department/ward differences. InR. Tartagha,... 

Research has been carried out to test the psychometric properties of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire and AHRQ Hospital Safety Culture Survey (Nieva and Sorra 2003 Sexton et al. 2006 Sorra and Nieva 2004). However, there have been important misapplications of survey tools in healthcare. A proliferation of climate surveys now exist, including many where the factor stmcture and construct validity have not been tested. Many hospitals have developed their own bespoke survey tools and these are poorly designed because basic survey design rules have not been followed. One common issue is surveys that do not counter-balance positive and negative statements, thus increasing the risk of response set bias where the... 

Modak, L, Sexton, J.B., Lux, T.R., Helmreich, R.L. and Thomas, E.J. 2007. Measnring safety culture in the ambulatory setting The safety attitudes questionnaire-ambulatory version. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(1), 1-5. 

Norden-Hagg, A., Sexton, J.B., Kalvemaik-Sporrong, S., Ring, L. and Kettis-Lindblad, A. 2010. Assessing safety culture in pharmacies The psychometric vahdation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) in a national sample of commnnity pharmacies in Swedea Biomed Central Clinical Pharmacology, 10, 1-40. 

Wenqi, L. 2005. Validation ofthe Questionnaire on Patient Safety Culture. Hasselt Universiteit Hasselt. 

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