Approaches, studies

Our science building at Brigham Young University is not complete. We are still adding equipment and modifying laboratories to accommodate the latest of experiments. In the same way, these two volumes do not represent a completed study of chemical thermodynamics. This is especially true in Chapters 15 and 16 where we have chosen to use the "case study approach in which we introduce selected examples where we apply thermodynamics to the study of processes of an industrial, geological, and biological nature. It is impossible to cover these broad fields in one book. The examples that we have... 

DE VooGT P, HinschbergerJ, Maier EA, Griepink B, Muntau H, and Jacob J (1996) Improvements in the determination of eight polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons through a stepwise interlaboratory study approach. Fresenius J Anal Chem 356 41-48. 

Matko, D., Korba, R. and Zupancic, B. (1992)."Simulation and Modelling of Continuous Systems A Case Study Approach", Prentice-Hall. 

Encourage flexibility in thinking about alternative solutions to problems. Perhaps it might be possible to develop a set of open-ended problems, much like the case-study approach used so effectively by business schools. 

Traditional psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of addiction often fails however, the principles of psychodynamic therapy are still valuable and important for a clinician in order to understand the patient and help him or her work through his or her mechanisms of defense, attachment difficulties, processing grief, and coping with internal and external drives.32 Among the validated and thoroughly studied approaches are the following ... 

Dafale N, Wate S, Meshram S et al (2008) Kinetic study approach of remazol black-B use for the development of two-stage anoxic-oxic reactor for decolorization/biodegradation of azo dyes by activated bacterial consortium. J Hazard Mater 159 319-328... 

In an attempt to reconcile these results, an additional investigation was carried out. This study utilized a behavioral disruption procedure, in which various doses of LSD were injected into the DRN while rats were bar pressing under a FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement (Fig. 3). As in the DS study, the DRN appeared relatively insensitive to LSD the dose required to disrupt behavior via the DRN route was 20 Mg/kg, whereas the systemic dose was 60 Mg/kg- An analysis of brain distribution data (61) would predict that LSD should have been active at a dose range of about 100 to 200 ng/kg when applied directly into the DRN neither study approached this range. 

The AEGL-1 concentration was based on a 1-hour (h) no-effect concentration of 8,000 parts per million (ppm) in healthy human subjects (Emmen et al. 2000). This concentration was without effects on pulmonary function, respiratory parameters, the eyes (irritation), or the cardiovascular system. Because this concentration is considerably below that causing any adverse effect in animal studies, an intraspecies uncertainty factor (UF) of 1 was applied. The intraspecies UF of 1 is supported by the absence of adverse effects in therapy tests with patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and adult and pediatric asthmatics who were tested with metered-dose inhalers containing HFC-134a as the propellant. Because blood concentrations in this study approached equilibrium following 55 minutes (min) of exposure and effects are determined by blood concentrations, the value of 8,000 ppm was made equivalent across all time periods. The AEGL-1 of 8,000 ppm is supported by the absence of adverse effects in experimental animals that inhaled considerably higher concentrations. No adverse effects were observed in rats exposed at 81,000 ppm for 4 h (Silber and Kennedy 1979) or in rats exposed... 

With the possible exception of combining the female fertility component with the embryo-fetal development component, the combined-study approach is used often. The female fertility and embryo-fetal development components are needed to... 

The need for a certain degree of socialization is also important, both in terms of dog-dog and dog-human contact. If at all possible, dogs should share a cage or pen with another animal. One on-study approach undertaken by some laboratories has been to allow dogs of the same sex and treatment group to have daily contact with each other, usually from early evening to early morning. If study dictates do not make this approach feasible, efforts should be made to ensure the animals are housed in such a way that they have visual, auditory, and olfactory access to each other. 

DeMets DL, Furgerg CD, Friedman LM, eds. Data Monitoring in Clinical Trials A Case Studies Approach, Springer, New York, 2006. 

Ayub N, Donaldson D, Bedford D, Alloway R, Ryalls M. (1997). Lessons to be learned a case study approach. Hyperactivity and confusion in the presentation of hyoscine overdose. J Royal Soc Health. 117(4) 242-44. 

If the original data contain Information on the uncertainties associated with each measurement the sensitivity of the variance of the results to these errors can be studied. Approaches Include uncertainty weighting during the autoscaling procedure which Is provided for In ARTHUR, uncertainty scaling (the data standard deviation used for autoscaling Is replaced by the measurement absolute error such as presented In Table VII), and Monte Carlo simulation for estimating the variance of the statistics based on the error perturbed data ( ). 

The family study approach, particularly when employed with systematic community-based samples, is one of the most powerful strategies to minimize heterogeneity, since etiologic factors for the development of a particular disorder can be assumed to be relatively homotypic within famihes. There is a dearth of studies that have employed within-family designs to examine either phenotypic expression or some of the putative biologic factors underlying the major anxiety disorders. For example,both Perna et al. (1996,1995) and Coryell... 

Table II gives a number of derived parameters used to assess the lignin s suitability as a binder. For a full binder, lignins required a minimum of three sites per average molecule for formaldehyde grafting. None of the lignins studied approach this level. At least twice the number of sites found is required for steam exploded lignins and more for the kraft lignin. PF resins have an average of eight sites per molecule, a much higher density than projected, so PF resins are excellent wood binders.

The overall problem, from sulfur in a raw gas through sulfur recovery and tail gas treating, has historically been addressed by a case study approach. In this approach, each plant section is optimized based upon predetermined subsystem interfaces. A preferred approach, rather, is to evaluate the entire system analytically, allowing the interfaces between the subprocesses to float, to determine the overall cost-effective,approach. In this technique, compromises are taken in each of the unit processes so that the total system operates more effectively. 

Chapters 15 and 16 apply thermodynamics to a variety of chemical processes. A case study approach is used in these two chapters to demonstrate the application of thermodynamics to such diverse fields as biochemistry, geochemistry, and industrial chemistry. In these chapters, no attempt is made to be comprehensive in covering the field. Instead, examples have been chosen that demonstrate the thermodynamic principles as they apply to problems in different disciplines. 

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT A Case Study Approach... 

Chemical engineering design project a case study approach / by Martin S. Ray and David W. Johnston, p cm. — (Topics in chemical engineering, ISSN 0277-5883 v. 5)... 

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