Focus of the review

The first and most important step in the modelling of chemical reactions is to decide whether they are controlled by chemical thermodynamics or kinetics, or possibly by a combination of the two. This also applies to the modelling of more complex chemical systems and processes, such as waste repositories of various kinds, the processes describing transport of toxic materials in ground and surface water systems, the global geochemical cycles, etc. 

The interactions between solid compounds, such as the rock materials, and the aqueous solution and its components are as important as the interactions within the 

The present review therefore puts much weight on the assessment of the low-temperatme thermodynamics of nickel in aqueous solution and makes independent analyses of the available literature in this area. The standard method used for the analysis of ionic interactions between components dissolved in water (see Appendix B) allows the general and consistent use of the selected data for modelling purposes, regardless of the type and composition of the ground water, within the ionic strength limits given by the experimental data used for the data analyses in the present review. 

The interactions between solid compounds, such as the rock materials, and the aqueous solution and its components are as important as the interactions within the aqueous solution, because the solid materials in the geosphere control the chemistry of the ground water, and they also contribute to the overall solubilities of key elements. The present review therefore also considers the chemical behaviour of solid compounds that are likely to occur, or to be formed, under geological and environmental conditions. It is, however, difficult to assess the relative importance of the solid phases for performance assessment purposes, particularly since their interactions with the aqueous phase are in many cases known to be subject to quantitatively unknown kinetic constraints. Furthermore, in some circumstances sorption of aqueous ions at mineral-water interfaces may be a more important factor in determining migration of nickel than dissolu- 

This book contains a summary and a critical review of the thermodynamic data on compounds and complexes containing nickel cf. Chapter V), as reported in the available chemical literature up to mid-2002, but a few more recent references are also included. A comparatively large number of primary references are discussed separately in Appendix A. 

This review does not include any compounds and complexes containing organic ligands or species in non-aqueous solvents. Nickel alloy systems have not been reviewed and treatment of gaseous species is very limited. 

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Kunitz-type protease inhibitors usually are large polypeptides of more than 120 amino acids and will not be discussed here, based on the focus of the review being peptides of fewer than 100 amino acids in length. Searches of publicly available databases yield a few short sequences, which are fragments from larger proteins that have only been partially sequenced. 

The combination of supersonic-jet-laser spectroscopy and high-level ab initio calculations provides a powerful method for probing the geometrical structure and photophysical properties of small molecules. In this chapter, we described the experimental and theoretical characterizations of geometrical structures and elementary photoprocesses in supersonic free jet. The major focus of the review was on the OODR spectroscopy, which is designed to identify and characterize dark electronic states of the molecule. The main conclusions that emerge from the review can be summarized as follows. 

The focus of the review includes techniques for clear air gases and aerosols, species in cloud liquid water, ice matrices and precipitation, as well as sampling techniques for gases and aerosols in cloud interstitial air. 

This review presents a perspective of the important structural and synthetic studies reported in 2008. The strict definition of an organometallic compound as one containing at least one C-metal bond or contact has been used throughout the literature survey. As with previous years this review is not intended to be comprehensive, although it is based on a comprehensive search. Individual topics are highlighted in bold in the text in order to facilitate rapid access to a particular area of the literature. Research in 2008 on Group 2 and 12 organometallics was dominated by structural studies of novel types of compounds. This is reflected in the focus of the review for this year. 

Research on organoarsenic compounds up to 1993 has been previously reviewed and the following works should be consulted by readers requiring detailed information. The review of Cullen and Reimer is an all-encompassing treatise of arsenic compounds (species) in the environment and includes sections on basic chemistry, biotransformations, and environmental behavior. Chemical aspects, including synthesis, are the focus of the review by Edmonds et The review of arsenic in marine organisms, published in 1997adequately summarizes the relevant... 

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the understanding of the mechanism of hydrogenations of double bonds catalyzed by the most commonly used transition metals, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium. The focus of the review will be on recent computational studies, but older computational work and experimental investigations will be discussed in context. Where appropriate, open questions and mechanistic controversies will be addressed. 

In this chapter, the current and potential contribution of hydrogen peroxide to waste minimisation will be examined. The main focus of the review, in line with the whole of this book, will be the chemicals industry. However, some attention will be given to pulp and paper and to metals applications, in view of the overall significance of these. The uses of hydrogen peroxide in intrinsically clean processes and in end-of-pipe treatments, both now and in the future, are explored. 

There is a massive literature on PA of ultracold atoms (primarily like atoms) recently and admirably reviewed by Jones and colleagues [13], Early work emphasizing Na2 and Rb2 PA is reviewed in Refs. [14,15], The well-studied example of K2 is treated in considerable detail in Ref. [7], while Cs2 is the focus of the review of Masnou-Seeuws and Pillet [16], The field of cold and ultracold collisions (not just PA) is admirably reviewed in Ref [17], We can only touch on a few topics here. 

There are very many investigations in the literature concerning the evaluation of different metals and associated organic ligands in hydroformylation. In 2013, Franke and Seller [1] provided a concise summary about the applicability of alternative metals in hydroformylation. In the same year, another survey was assembled by a joint French/Italian cooperation [2]. In order to avoid a full repetition, only some basic conclusions will be mentioned here, which are not in the focus of the reviews cited above. 

The simplicity of synthesis with no necessity for the use of organic templates and other structure-directing agents, and for high-temperature calcinations to remove the template makes MOFs competitive in comparison with zeolites. The principles of the modular chemistry and methodology of synthesis of MOFs and, in general, porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are presented in a few very good recent reviews [23-25]. The synthesis and properties of the new JUC family of MOFs (JUC is the abbreviation of Jilin University China) is the focus of the review [26]. 

Hierarchical (or mesoporous) zeolites became the focus of the review by Christensen et al. [7]. The main reason behind the development of hierarchical zeolites is to achieve heterogeneous catalysts with an improved porous structure and thereby enhanced performance in alkylation of benzene with alkenes, alkylation, and acylation of other compounds, methanol conversion into hydrocarbons, aromatization processes, isomerization of paraffins, cracking of diverse substrates and raw materials (naphtha, aromatic compounds, hexadecane, vacuum gas oil, and some polymers), and hydrotreating. The reactions that are of interest from the point of view of fine chemicals synthesis occurring on hierarchical zeohtes include aldol condensation, esterification, acetalization, olefin epoxidation, and Beckmarm rearrangement. 

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