Reviewing Objectives

Periodically review the performance objectives to make sure that you are getting the desired performance results. For example, if a supervisor meets the objectives, but the department continues to have too many incidents (near misses, no improvement in conditions, or other loss-producing events) then the objectives need to be revised [2]. 

Performance evaluation can either be oral or written. Flowever, an effective evaluation can include the following critical elements  

Objectives should be performed at specified intervals. If performance evaluations are new to your business, short intervals will be helpful in the beginning. Unacceptable performance should be identified and changed as quickly as possible. As your employees become accustomed to working toward defined performance objectives, the intervals between evaluations can be lengthened. The evaluation can become an opportunity to provide encouragement and training and allow employee participation. 

The goal of the evaluation session should be to encourage employee responsibility and efforts toward improving the performance of the management system. For each objective that has been successfully completed, always provide positive reinforcement, such as verbal expressions of thanks or commendation or more tangible recognitions such as bonuses or raises. 

The agreed-upon changes must be incorporated into the existing performance objectives. Many evaluation systems break down when managers fail to incorporate and implement changes. There must be a point where some predetermined consequence for poor performance begins. 

---

Tills book has been written with two principal objectives in mind. First, to prompt analysts to think about their problems, and second, to review objectively how to solve them. The author has drawn on his experience to open up the subject to readers. If his examples have a specific a pphcation for you, that is a welcome bonus. If they simply force you to review the possibilities of automation, the author will have made a contribution to ensuring a real and definable analytical service providing unbiased, quality data in a reahstic turn-around time. 

The primary objective of both HAZOP and What-If reviews are to assure that catastrophic incidents will be avoided during the lifetime of the facility from the processes under review. The reviews objectives are to be thorough, impartial and adequate. 

Not to be overlooked is vitamin C, as previously described, and the work of Cameron and Pauling (1993), and of Hoffer (2000). Separate chapters are contained in both Moss (1992) and Pelton and Overholser (1994). The controvCTsy over the Mayo Clinic studies is reviewed objectively, and it is stressed that vitamin C works only if the immune system has not been damaged by chemotherapy. Moreover, there is said to be a rebound effect with vitamin C, whereby a sudden stoppage severely depletes the blood serum levels. The patient should be taken off slowly. 

A.l. This appendix lists a number of generic review elements for each safety factor. These elements describe specific topics or activities within the safety factor that should be reviewed. The meaning of an element should be interpreted in the light of the review objective for the respective safety factor as is stated in the main text. The elements listed may not cover all topics or activities associated with the safety factor and therefore addressing all of them does not necessarily mean that the particular safety factor is fully covered. 

Review objectives generally involve verification of the adequacy of the entire EOF development and implementation programme and an in-depth review of one or more particular topics of the development and implementation programme. Topics for an in-depth review may be chosen from Sections 2 and 3 above or may be tailored to optimally respond to specific needs of the host organization. 

Although the preparation of the written snbmission requires a lot of work and the visit is always looked forward to with some trepidation, most departments find that the accreditation process is very valnable. First, the need to review objectives, syllabuses and other aspects of the course at least every five years is a valuable discipline. Secondly, exposing even the best of courses to assessment by group of external experts will always produce valuable comments and suggestions. (Universities are nowadays required to have their own internal conrse review procedures but these procedures do not necessarily have substantial inpnt from external experts and, as a resnlt, may be concerned more with regulations than with content.)... 

It would be easy for QM staff to, as some do, sit back and take the line that their role is to judge and approve quality measures, procedures, plans etc and to review objective evidence of QM actions as it is presented to them. There is a tendency, particularly amongst purchasers, to invoke every standard of conceivable relevance on the basis of "better safe than sorry". However, disentangling the relevant parts and harmonising them is a... 

The reservoir model will usually be a computer based simulation model, such as the 3D model described in Section 8. As production continues, the monitoring programme generates a data base containing information on the performance of the field. The reservoir model is used to check whether the initial assumptions and description of the reservoir were correct. Where inconsistencies between the predicted and observed behaviour occur, the model is reviewed and adjusted until a new match (a so-called history match ) is achieved. The updated model is then used to predict future performance of the field, and as such is a very useful tool for generating production forecasts. In addition, the model is used to predict the outcome of alternative future development plans. The criterion used for selection is typically profitability (or any other stated objective of the operating company). 

Often the divergence in costs shown in Figure 14.11 does occur, and must be managed. The objective is to maintain production in a safe and environmentally responsible manner, while trying to contain or reduce costs. The approach to managing this problem is through reviewing... 

For tire purjDoses of tliis review, a nanocrystal is defined as a crystalline solid, witli feature sizes less tlian 50 nm, recovered as a purified powder from a chemical syntliesis and subsequently dissolved as isolated particles in an appropriate solvent. In many ways, tliis definition shares many features witli tliat of colloids , defined broadly as a particle tliat has some linear dimension between 1 and 1000 nm [1] tire study of nanocrystals may be drought of as a new kind of colloid science [2]. Much of die early work on colloidal metal and semiconductor particles stemmed from die photophysics and applications to electrochemistry. (See, for example, die excellent review by Henglein [3].) However, the definition of a colloid does not include any specification of die internal stmcture of die particle. Therein lies die cmcial distinction in nanocrystals, die interior crystalline stmcture is of overwhelming importance. Nanocrystals must tmly be little solids (figure C2.17.1), widi internal stmctures equivalent (or nearly equivalent) to drat of bulk materials. This is a necessary condition if size-dependent studies of nanometre-sized objects are to offer any insight into die behaviour of bulk solids. 

As apparent from the contributing resonance structures, both mesoionic systems contain an azomethinylide contribution, accounting for the reaction with representative dipolarenophiles to give cycioadducts such as 3 or 4 (Scheme 4). The cydoadditions and extrmsion reactions of the adducts have been the mam object of investigation. since previous reviews on me.soionic thiazoles (2.9V Results appearing since 1969 and before June 1976 are reported for each type of compound in this chapter. Tables VIIRl-5 contain all mesoionic thiazoles described before June 1976. 

The most effective specification is that which accomplishes the desired result with the fewest requirements. Properties and performance should be emphasized rather than how the objectives ate to be achieved. Excessive demonstration of emdition on the part of the writer or failure to recognize the usually considerable processing expertise held by the vendor results in a lengthy and overly detailed document that generally is counterproductive. Redundancy may lead to technical inconsistency. A requirement that cannot be assessed by a prescribed test method or quantitative inspection technique never should be included in the specifications. Wherever possible, tests should be easy to perform and highly correctable with service performance. Tests that indicate service life are especially useful. Standard test references, eg, ASTM methods, ate the most desirable, and those that ate needed should be selected carefully and the numbers of such references should be minimized. To eliminate unnecessary review activity by the would-be complier, the description of a standard test should not be paraphrased or condensed unless the original test is referenced. 

Microscopy is an unusual scientific discipline, involving as it does a wide variety of microscopes and techniques. All have in common the abiUty to image and enlarge tiny objects to macroscopic size for study, comparison, evaluation, and identification. Few industries or research laboratories can afford to ignore microscopy, although each may use only a small fraction of the various types. Microscopy review articles appear every two years m. Jinalytical Chemistty (1,2). Whereas the style of the Enclyclopedia employs lower case abbreviations for analytical techniques and instmments, eg, sem for scanning electron microscope, in this article capital letters will be used, eg, SEM. 

Thickness of the laminar layer is deterrnined both by the need to reproduce fine detail in the object and by the penetration depth of the actinic laser light into the monomer bath (21,76). There is thus a trade-off between precision of detail in the model and time required for stereohthography, ie, the number of layers that have to be written, and an optimum Light-absorbing initiator concentration in the monomer bath corresponding to the chosen layer thickness. Titanocene-based initiators, eg, bis-perfluorophenyltitanocene has been recommended for this apphcation (77). Mechanistic aspects of the photochemistry of titanocenes and mechanisms of photoinitiation have been reviewed (76). 

The objectives of the study should be precisely stated and the work presented in a clear and coherent matter, with all the detail necessary to allow the reviewer to make his or her own assessment of the study. It should be confirmed that the overall design of the protocol satisfies the needs of the objectives of the study. 

The conservation of mass law finds a major application during the performance of pollution-prevention assessments. As described earlier, a pollution-prevention assessment is a systematic, planned procedure with the objective of identifying methods to reduce or ehminate waste. The assessment process should characterize the selected waste streams and processes (Ref. 11)—a necessaiy ingredient if a material balance is to be performed. Some of the data required for the material balance calciilation may be collected during the first review of site-specific data however, in some instances, the information may not be collected until an actual site walk-through is performed. 

This policy statement may be combined with that of safety (quality and safety should be twin objectives) and should be signed or properly reviewed within the last 12 months. 

These areas are interrelated, and decisions about one affect the others. Also, decisions concerning these areas are not simply made once, never to be considered again. You should review each area periodically as intermediate results are developed to ensure that the QRA remains on track. Ignoring any of these areas diminishes the likelihood that your QRA objectives will be satisfied. 

Any attempt to interpret QRA results must begin with a review of the analysis objective(s). If your objective was to identify the most important contributors to potential accidents, then the results may be completely unsuitable for presentation to zoning commissioners interested in the total risk of a toxic material release. It is essential that QRA results be interpreted only in the context of the study objective(s). 

---