Objective analysis

EIA Preparation is the scientific and objective analysis of the scale, significance and importance of impacts identified. Various methods have been developed, in relation to baseline studies impact identification prediction evaluation and mitigation, to execute this task. 

Actual Costs versus Standard Costs Let us consider the sales, profits, and manufacduring-cost data in Table 9-40. The gross profit is 33,129 per period better than e)mected. Clearly, there is less incentive to investigate overall costs when the profit variance is favorable than if the profit were less than expected. However, standard costing enables an objective analysis of the data, whether good or bad, to be made. 

The pursuit of operations research consists of (a) the judgment phase (what are the problems ), (b) the research phase (how to solve these problems), and (c) the decision phase (how to act on the finding and eliminate the problems). These phases require the evaluation of objectives, analysis of an operation and the collection of evidence and resources to be committed to the study, the (mathematical) formulation of problems, the construction of theoretical models and selection of measures of effectiveness to test the models in practice, the making and testing of hypotheses as to how well a model represents the problem, prediction, refinement of the model, and the interpretation of results (usually as possible alternatives) with their respective values (payoff). The decision-maker generally combines the findings of the... 

Charlesby s method of plotting s + /s against 1/6 perhaps provides a more objective analysis of the data ... 

The toxicologist looks not only at the rates of occurrence of various adverse effects, but also examines the question of whether the severity of certain forms of injury is significantly greater in treated animals. Severity is not always quantifiable - it is in the eye of the pathologist. So some judgment beyond what the statistician can offer through an objective analysis is always necessary to complete an evaluation. 

FTIR has shown the close similarity of most resins based on Bis-Phenol A and has helped narrow the focus of development on the curative as the principal contributor to successful formulation. For present applications oligomeric polyamide amines appear successful in meeting present criteria. However, the only objective analysis of cured resin to date exhibiting a correlation of measured value with success in creep resistance as well as adhesion is heat distortion temperature. The following presents a correlation of heat distortion temperatures and adhesion for several formulations tested. In most cases, pass/fail criteria was based on the majority of six samples tested. 

Cohen, I.L., Campbell, M., Posner, D., Small, A.D., Triebel, D., and Anderson, L.T. (1980) Behavioral effects of haloperidol in young autistic children an objective analysis using a within-subjects reversal design. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19 665-677. 

The domain object analysis phase must be very brief in an iterative process. It should be a j-1 day activity after the use case specification is developed. Do not expect the analysis model to be complete, accurate, and unchanging. Many decisions can be, and should be, deferred to the design phase. 

The objective analysis was made with the nasal provocation test with the allergens, the nasal resistance measured by static and dynamic rhinomanometry at a preset pressure of 150 Pa in accordance with the recommendations of the International Standardization Committee [9], and MCT. 

Efficient use of both energy and resource in an evaporation system was studied based on multi-objective analysis. The exergy consumption and the total investment cost were used to measure energy and resource conservation, respectively. The trade-off curve between the two objectives shows the change in the optimal solution as the unit cost of exergy is changed. 

The profile of the Lagrange multiplier along the non-inferior solution curve is used to obtain the optimal solution when a unit cost of exergy is specified. Using the two-objective analysis we can obtain a much better understanding of the process design under the present uncertain conditions with respect to energy. 

HM methods can be classified in three ways either (1) according to their objective (analysis or exploration of reaction mechanism), (2) the nature... 

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. 

Whether a given invention in the chemical arts is "obvious," in the patent sense, or whether it is not is o question of increasing perplexity and interest. Another obstacle confronting the aspirant to a patent is the requirement that he establish "utility" for the invention claimed. In Patent Office practice this requirement is almost uniquely restricted to chemical and allied fields since in other areas of the "useful" arts, it is assumed that utility exists. The development and evolution of the problems posed and their current treatment are indicated in recent decisions of the Patent Office and of the courts. This article comprises an objective analysis of the most significant recent developments in these important areas of chemical patent prosecution. 

A careful and objective analysis of recent decisions both in the review tribunals of the Patent Office and in the courts, and particularly in the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, indicates that there is an ever-increasing awareness of the complex problems uniquely peculiar to the chemical and related arts. The judiciary before whom the majority of contested cases are brought on appeal have unusual sophistication and expertise in the highly complex technical areas embracing the broad spectrum of chemistry and the chemical sciences. There is encouraging evidence of growing recognition that the interim results of research may properly lay claim to patent protection. A realistic treatment of the utility question in chemical cases appears to be more the rule. 

An attempt is made to contribute to the objective analysis of the role of PVC cabling in major fires such as that at Dusseldorf airport. Questions regarding smoke and toxic combustion gas evolved by PVC cable materials have repeatedly been posed. Today, functional fillers such as aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MDH) are available to optimise PVC formulations, creating extremely low smoke and much less toxic gases. The latest research developments are illustrated using... 

So far, the functional form of the prior is arbitrary. One might elect to use a function p 0) based on personal knowledge or belief such informative priors are illustrated in Section 5.2. For objective analysis, however, one needs an unprejudiced function p 0) such functions are known as nonin-formative priors and are studied beginning in Section 5.3. 

The immunoassay will be compared with an existing tested nonimmunochemical analytical method, but this need not be a one-to-one evaluation performed on split samples. A sufficient number of samples will be split to be statistically meaningful. It is the intent of an evaluation to verify the statistical reliability of the Immunoassay as an analytical method. The appropriate matrices to be analyzed will be determined by the data quality objectives. Analysis of the same material, on different days, will be performed by the immunoassay to... 

When processing problems occur on scale, they are due to the actions required to carry out the processing, to the chemical nature of the reaction components used, or to a combination of both. When difficulties arise, those responsible for the operations usually suspect the process inputs, and those who developed the process in the laboratory tend to suspect the physical manipulations of the processing. A more objective analysis often reveals that if a successful use-test was run on all components of the reaction prior to the scale-up run, difficulties on scale are probably due to the processing. Thus the processing must be optimized to achieve the desired results. The role of chemical inputs in processing difficulties on scale can be determined by laboratory use-tests.The rationale is shown in Figure 15.1. 

The quantitative, objective analysis of the conduct of the patient in taking medication is obviously a first step toward an effective improvement of compliance, for reliable measurement is the keystone of effective management. 

Viewed from a historical distance, it seems to me that Pavlov s epoch-making discovery on conditioning changed once and for all scientific thinking about the brain and its self. He experimentally demonstrated, a hundred years ago, that the well-known psychic experience described/defined with the term association objectively refers to the acquisition of a conditioned reflex, the establishment of a new temporary connection between cortical neurons. This was the decisive turn that initiated the objective analysis of behavioral performances. 

So some judgment beyond what the statistician can offer through an objective analysis is always necessary to complete an evaluation. 

Proposing a Hypothesis On the basis of collected data a tentative hypothesis is proposed for testing. A hypothesis is in fact a certain tentative solution to the problem. The hypothesis should be proposed only after an objective analysis of the available data because any number of hypothesis can be proposed for a problem. For an objective analysis the student be given a training so that he is free from all his bias towards the problem. 

The flow of material into the mold cavity affects the way in which particles are distributed in the molded object. Analysis of parts indicates that particles flow by a... 

Such examples could be multiplied many fold. Think of measures of pesticides, toxins in the water, or even at a greater distance from analytical chemistry, the numbers we use to assess the quality of teaching. The point is that we now have a model for an ideal kind of objective analysis—be it of steel alloy composition, fetal heart condition, food quality, or even professorial competence we should be able to subject the object of analysis to some instrument, the operation of which is relatively simple—ideally, push-button simple—and obtain "the answer." Of course, not everything can accommodate such an ideal, but as an ideal it serves to guide us as we develop and critique methods of analysis. 

In a nutshell, 1 argue that the rise of instrumental methods in anal3rtical chemistry helped promote an ideal for what objective analysis could and should be. This ideal, while variously interpreted and achieved in a very wide variety of contexts reaching far beyond chemistry, has insinuated itself deeply into our thinking about and working in the world. Two key interdependent elements of this ideal are cost efficiency and minimizing the role of human judgment. 

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