Rebound effects

Ineffective Airway Qearance related to congestion, excessive secretions, rebound effect of drug... 

Increases CBF, alternate with or in with history of chronic Rebound effect... 

On discontinuation of hypnotic BZDRAs, patients can experience rebound effects, specifically rebound insomnia that may last for one to two nights. Rebound insomnia occurs more frequently after discontinuation of shorter-duration BZDRAs compared with long-duration BZDRAs. Intermittent hypnotic therapy with the lowest dose possible reduces the likelihood of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal when therapy is stopped. Patients should be counseled that rebound insomnia is not necessarily a return of their original symptoms, and it may take a few nights for rebound symptoms to subside. 

Initial response to short-acting stimulant formulations (e.g., methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) is seen within 30 minutes and can last for 4 to 6 hours.13,14 This short duration of effect frequently requires that short-acting stimulant formulations be dosed at least twice daily, thus increasing the chance of missed doses and non-compliance. Further, patients using any stimulant formulation but especially shortacting formulations can experience a rebound effect of ADHD symptoms as the stimulant wears off.14... 

Rebound effect Symptoms reoccur after treatment has been stopped or is no longer effective. In some cases, symptoms can be more pronounced than when symptoms were initially identified. 

Zolpidem, chemically unrelated to benzodiazepines or barbiturates, acts selectively at the y-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA)-receptor and has minimal anxiolytic and no muscle relaxant or anticonvulsant effects. It is comparable in effectiveness to benzodiazepine hypnotics, and it has little effect on sleep stages. Its duration is approximately 6 to 8 hours, and it is metabolized to inactive metabolites. Common side effects are drowsiness, amnesia, dizziness, headache, and GI complaints. Rebound effects when discontinued and tolerance with prolonged use are minimal, but theoretical concerns about abuse exist. It appears to have minimal effects on next-day psychomotor performance. The usual dose is 10 mg (5 mg in the elderly or those with liver impairment), which can be increased up to 20 mg nightly. Cases of psychotic reactions and sleep-eating have been reported. 

Insomnia can be a common problem for people when first changing a drug problem. Sleeping problems can be related to the rebound effects of the drugs, or may be related to rumination and regret. Since insomnia is common, therapists and counselors will likely want to teach their clients how they can reduce the duration of this potentially uncomfortable problem. To orient the client, the counselor or therapist will want to emphasize to the client that insomnia is not life threatening, and that eventually he or she will sleep. This orientation is meant to put the client at ease... 

Type E Rebound effects following discontinuation of therapy Commonly occurs with some classes of drug... 

Einally, clonidine should only be used by patients who can be counted on to take their medication reliably. Clonidine is first and foremost a medication used to treat high blood pressure. Clonidine lowers blood pressure and can slow the pulse rate. However, when clonidine is suddenly stopped, dramatic rebound effects can occur, including a rapid rise in blood pressure that can be dangerous. Patients who suddenly stop taking clonidine or who routinely forget to take their clonidine run the risk of severe side effects. These risks must be discussed with the patient prior to initiating... 

Besides the tablet form, clonidine is also available in a patch that is worn on the arm and changed once every 5-7 days. Once the appropriate dose has been found using oral clonidine, both children and adults can be switched to the patch. The patch provides more consistent levels of the medication and obviously minimizes the potential for rebound effects due to poor compliance. This patch does sometimes cause local skin irritation. Rotating the application site from arm to arm each week can minimize this. 

This non-BZD hypnotic, cyciopyrroione, is indicated for short-term management of insomnia. Zopiclone has a BZD-like profile, a short half-life of 3.5 to 6.5 hours, no active metabolites, minimal rebound effects, and less abuse potential than BZDs. The usual therapeutic dose is oral 7.5 mg administered 30 to 60 minutes before bedtime. Zopiclone has a well-documented capacity to reduce sleep latency, improve quality and duration of sleep, and reduce the frequency of nighttime awakenings. In clinical trials, 7.5 mg doses of zopiclone have been found to be as effective as triazolam 0.5 mg, temazepam 20 mg, flurazepam 15-30 mg, and nitrazepam 5 to 10 mg for the short-term treatment of insomnia (136). 

Bradycardia (in particular after neostigmine which is best given after an anticholinergic), hypotension, and bronchospasm are the main hazards in p-blocker treated patients undergoing anaesthesia. However, continuation of p-blockade up to and including the day of operation results in improved peri-operative haemodynamic stability and avoids the rebound effect which can result from abrupt withdrawal. 

One consequence of these episodic interruptions in dosing is their potential to elicit rebound effects from drugs that are so prone. The term is used when cessation of dosing results in more than just a waning of drug action, but instead there occurs a temporary reversal of drug action, making matters worse, for a time, than the pretreatment baseline. A well-documented example is the occurrence of rebound hypertension and tachycardia (with... 

This process is readily reversed by abstinence, hollowing an acute overdose of alcohol, recovery sleep is often deep, refreshing, and full of dreams. This rebound effect is typical of any intervention that temporarily impedes REM. The physiological payback is prompt and precise. But the process is perpetuated—and aggravated—by repeated alcohol use. Hair of the dog is the quasi-homeopathic slogan tied to drinking that... 

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