Blood serum levels

Fig. 21 Comparison of mean blood serum levels obtained with chloramphenicol palmitate suspensions containing varying ratios of A and B polymorphs, following a single oral dose equivalent to 1.5 g of chloramphenicol. Percentage of polymorph B in the suspension M, 0% N, 25% O, 50% P, 75% L, 100%. (From Ref. 37.).

Blood pressure, salt and, 22 813 Blood salvage, 3 719 Blood serum levels, radiotracers for determining, 21 281 Blood stains, as evidence, 12 102 Blood substitutes, 4 109-132... 

Detection of heptachlor epoxide may indicate either recent or past exposure. This compound has a long half-life, particularly in adipose tissue, because it is very lipophilic. Because of its highly lipophilic nature, heptachlor epoxide remains accumulated in adipose tissue for months to years. However, it is eventually mobilized into the serum and subsequently to the liver for further breakdown. Blood serum levels are often taken to indicate a recent exposure. Following long-term exposure, the level in the blood may be very low, but because of an equilibrium between fat and blood, it can be used to detect exposure to heptachlor epoxide. Thirty-five human adipose tissue samples were obtained during autopsy between 1987 and 1988 from residents of North Texas (Adeshina and Todd 1990). In 97% of these samples, there were measurable levels of heptachlor... 

The type of systematic covariation presupposed by Becker is typically found only in the use of drugs for which users seem to regulate use frequency according to blood serum levels to avoid abstinence reactions. This pattern is not related to the core effects but more typically to some of the secondary effects. This is also the case for drugs for which abstinence reactions are most prominent. In these types of drug use, the increased marginal utility is also dependent on level of former use. 

El 1. Assume you are to determine the blood serum level of cholesterol by the single standard method. The absorbance data obtained are standard = 0.350 (250 mg/100 mL) Asample = 0.390 and correctlon = 0.02. Calculate the concentration of cholesterol in mg/100 mL. What would be the % error if A. . were not used ... 

The possibility that high estrogen levels may be linked to breast cancer has led to concern that estrogen-mimicking chemicals might also increase the likelihood of breast cancer. Among the possibilities are polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT. Elevated blood serum levels of the DDT metabolite DDE have shown a positive correlation with breast cancer incidence. 

Needham et al. (1991) also showed that human adipose tissue concentrations of CDDs may be correlated with blood serum levels after adjusting for total lipid content. On a lipid basis, total CDD/CDFs are higher in blood than adipose tissue. Partitioning is not identical in these tissues 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels are almost identical in blood and adipose tissues, but OCDD levels are higher in blood. However, the presence of OCDD at levels of 5,000-10,000 pg/person when concentrations in food are generally in the low pg/g level suggests that the contribution of food to the OCDD body burden in humans requires further study (Rappe 1993). 

Another major exposure route for humans is via contaminated food. For example, North America s Great Lakes, which are the largest body of freshwater in the world, are polluted with about 362 contaminants that were found in quantifiable amounts in the water, sediment, and biota (IJC 1983 USEPA 1994). The critical pollutants were identified as PCBs, DDT, dieldrin, toxaphene, mirex, methyl mercury, benzofa) pyrene, hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and alkylated lead. Some of these pollutants biomagnify in the aquatic food chain and can be detected in increased levels in cooked Great Lakes fish. Consequently, the blood serum levels of these chemicals are significantly increased in consumers of contaminated Great Lakes sport fish compared to people who do not eat such fish (Flumphrey 1983 Fiore et al. 1989 Sonzogni et al. 1991). 

Stapleton et al. (2005) were the hrst to hnd elevated levels of PBDEs in house dust and to posit that exposure to dust could be an important exposure route. This was followed by confirmation of dust as the dominant exposure route to PBDEs and that diet was secondary for North Americans (Jones-Otazo et al, 2005 Lorber, 2008). Dust, as the main exposure route, was able to account for those women with much higher PBDE concentrations and some of the geographic differences seen among continents (Harrad et al, 2008b). Wu et al (2007) confirmed the dust exposure hypothesis by finding a clear relationship between PBDE concentrations in the breast milk and household dust for 46 mothers in the Northeast US. Further, Zota et al (2008) found that blood serum levels of residents of several counties in California were twofold higher than that in the US as a whole, and concluded that this was consistent with 4-10 times higher dust concentrations. Betts (2008) provides an excellent overview of the subject. 

The presence of depressed sodium and/or potassium blood serum levels... 

Fig. 7.3 Peak blood serum levels of chloramphenicol following dosing for pure polymorphs A and B and various mixtures for a single oral dose equivalent to 1.5 g of chloramphenicol palmitate. (From Haleblian and McCrone 1969 (after Aguiar et al. 1967) with permission.)...

Plasma and urinary levels of pantothenic acid have been measured in dietary surveys as well as in controlled studies of the vitamin deficiency. One fairly recent study with human subjects involved the feeding of a pantothenic acid-free diet for 9 weeks. The urinary pantothenic acid levels (4-6 mg/day) in vitamin-sufficient subjects were roughly half that of the intake (10 mg/day). With consumption of the vitamin-free diet, urinary pantothenic acid levels gradually declined to about 0.8 mg/day over the 9-week period (Fry et ai., 1976). Both urinary and blood serum levels of pantothenate have been used to assess dietary status. Values from urinary measurements seem to be somewhat better correlated with intake of this vitamin, than blood measurements data (Berg, 1997). 

Jedrzejczak J, Dlawichowska E, Owczarek K, Majkowski J. Effect of vigabatrin addition on carbamazepine blood serum levels in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2000 39(2) 115-20. 

Assess for therapeutic response. Blood serum level 50-300 mcg/ml toxic greater than 750. 

Toxic blood serum level greater than 1 mcg/ml... 

Monitor for therapeutic serum level (3-10 mcg/ml) therapeutic level 4—8 mcg/ml toxic blood serum level greater than 10 mcg/ml... 

Guo YL, Ryan JJ, Lau BPY, et al. 1997. Blood serum levels of PCBs and PCDFs in Yucheng women 14 years after exposure to a toxic rice oil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33 104-108. 

Not to be overlooked is vitamin C, as previously described, and the work of Cameron and Pauling (1993), and of Hoffer (2000). Separate chapters are contained in both Moss (1992) and Pelton and Overholser (1994). The controvCTsy over the Mayo Clinic studies is reviewed objectively, and it is stressed that vitamin C works only if the immune system has not been damaged by chemotherapy. Moreover, there is said to be a rebound effect with vitamin C, whereby a sudden stoppage severely depletes the blood serum levels. The patient should be taken off slowly. 

Myocardial infarction occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked for an extended time. If this lack of blood supply, called ischemia, is prolonged, the myocardium suffers irreversible cell damage and muscle death, or infarction. When this happens, the concentration of cardiac enzymes in the blood rises dramatically as the dead cells release their contents into the bloodstream. Although many enzymes are liberated, three are of prime importance. These three enzymes, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (AST/SGOT), show a characteristic sequential rise in blood serum level following myocardial infarction and then return to normal. This enzyme profile, shown in the ac-... 

Assume you are to determine the blood serum level of cholesterol by the single standard method. The absorbance data obtained are ... 

Treatment of lead-poisoned animals usually involves the removal of ingested lead objects and application of antibiotics. For example, a captive bottlenose dolphin that had 40 lead-containing air pellets in its second stomach, as determined by radiography, was treated with 250.0 mg penicillamine/kg BW given orally three times daily for 5 days after the pellets had been removed from the stomach using an endoscope. Anemia in chimpanzees is sometimes associated with lead toxicity. In one case, a 19-year-old female chimpanzee with a history of excessive menstrual bleeding had a blood serum level of 1.03 mg Pb/L. The animal was successfully treated using oral chelation therapy 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid at 10.0 mg/kg BW per os for 5 days, then lO.Omg/kg BW for 2 weeks. 

Hyperphosphatemia is defined as a blood serum level above 4.5 mg/dL. The most common cause of increased phosphate levels is kidney dysfunction. As mentioned previously, the average American diet has more than enough phosphorous. Consequently, failure of the kidneys to excrete phosphorous at a rate that balances the dietary intake of phosphorous and uptake of phosphorous by the tissues will result in hyperphosphatemia. Other cause of elevated phosphate levels include 5 3... 

A patient has elevated blood serum levels of LDH and AST. What condition might be indicated ... 

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