Reticulation

Depending on the application, models of molecular surfaces arc used to express molecular orbitals, clcaronic densities, van dor Waals radii, or other forms of display. An important definition of a molecular surface was laid down by Richards [182] with the solvent-accessible envelope. Normally the representation is a cloud of points, reticules (meshes or chicken-wire), or solid envelopes. The transparency of solid surfaces may also be indicated (Figure 2-116). 

Textile uses are a relatively stable area and consist of the lamination of polyester foams to textile products, usually by flame lamination or electronic heat sealing techniques. Flexible or semirigid foams are used in engineered packaging in the form of special slab material. Flexible foams are also used to make filters (reticulated foam), sponges, scmbbers, fabric softener carriers, squeegees, paint appHcators, and directly appHed foam carpet backing. 

Otner Collectors Tarry particulates and other difficult-to-handle hquids have been collected on a dry, expendable phenol formaldehyde-bonded glass-fiber mat (Goldfield, J. Air Pollut. Control A.SSOC., 20, 466 (1970)] in roll form which is advanced intermittently into a filter frame. Superficial gas velocities are 2.5 to 3.5 m/s (8.2 to 11.5 ft/s), and pressure drop is typically 41 to 46 cm (16 to 18 in) of water. CoUection efficiencies of 99 percent have been obtained on submicrometer particles. Brady [Chem. Eng. Prog., 73(8), 45 (1977)] has discussed a cleanable modification of this approach in which the gas is passed through a reticulated foam filter that is slowly rotated and solvent-cleaned. 

Surface combustion devices are designed for fully premixing the gaseous fuel and air and burning it on a porous radiant surface. The close coupling of the combustion process with the burner surface results in low flame temperatures and, consequently, low NO formation. Surface materials can include ceramic fibers, reticulated ceramics, and metal alloy mats. This approach allows the burner shape to be customized to match the heat transfer profile with the application. 

Applications such as the noise attenuation panels that line engine inlets and exhausts require a special form of high temperature adhesive known as a reticulating adhesive. These bond honeycomb sandwich assemblies have inner facesheets with numerous small holes (Fig. 13). The holes and underlying honeycomb core... 

Organic traps contain isoporous, macroporous, or other specifically designed resins (such as reticulated, cross-linked polystyrene resins devoid of ionic function) and take up organics by a combination of ion exchange, adsorption, and other mechanisms. They typically are installed to precede the DI plant. 

A similar, but highly porous, vitreous carbon material—reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC)—has found widespread application for flow analysis and spectro-electrochemistry (25). As shown in Figure 4-10, RVC is an open-pore ( spongelike ) material such a network combines the electrochemical properties of glassy carbon with many structural and hydrodynamic advantages. These include a very high surface area ( 66 cm2 cm-3 for the 100-ppi grade), 90-97% void volume, and a low resistance to fluid flow. 

FIGURE 4-10 The open-pore structure of reticulated vitreous carbon. 

Redox switching, 126 Reference electrodes, 100, 105, 142 Reflectance spectroscopy, 44 Resistance, 22, 105 Resolution 50, 71 Reverse pulse polarography, 68 Reversible systems, 4, 31 Reticulated vitreous carbon, 114, 115 Riboflavin, 37... 

Using porous carbon so that the fluorine would enter the pores and move up through an internal reticulated network of pores... 

There are two types of stationary phases commonly used in exclusion chromatography silica gel and micro-reticulated cross-linked polystyrene gels. A third type of exclusion media is comprised of the Dextran gels. Dextran gels are produced by the action of certain bacteria on a sucrose substrate. They consist of framework of glucose units that can form a gel in aqueous solvents that have size exclusion properties. Unfortunately the gels are mechanically weak and thus, cannot tolerate the high pressures necessary for HPLC and, as a consequence, are of very limited use to the analyst. 

Exclusion Chromatography Employing Micro-Reticulated Cross-Linked Polystyrene Gels... 

This value appears to be in reasonable agreement with the peak capacity demonstrated by the chromatogram shown in figure 2. It is seen that the micro-reticulated gel gives separations as good as, if not better than, those obtained on silica gel and all the solutes are adequately separated for quantitative assessment. 

A more typical application of micro-reticulate resins in exclusion chromatography is shown by the separation of a standard protein mixture depicted in figure 3. 

The negative effects of TBT have been observed in the bivalve larval development of Crassostrea gigas, Mylilus edulisf Venus gallina, Spams aurata, in Nassarius reticulate and in the hermaphroditic snails Phisa fontinalis and Adelomelon brasiliana Since TBT exerts a variety of toxic actions on some mollusks and fishes , an adverse effect of TBT on human health is a real threat. ... 

If a Jessner s-35% TCA peel (Monheit) is performed, Jessner s solution is applied first prior to the TCA in an even sequential fashion from the forehead to the rest of the face, waiting 2 to 3 min to allow for penetration and assessment of frost. Typically this will produce a level 1 frost, erythema with faint reticulate whitening... 

Noto G, Pravata G, Arico M (1998) Reticulate post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation with band-like mucin deposition. Int J Dermatol 37(11) 829-832... 

The effects of EDCs on behavior in fish have been more extensively studied than in birds. Examples of the effects of EDCs seen in fish include profound alterations in courtship behavior in male guppies (Poecilia reticulate) exposed to vinclozolin and DDE, including at environmentally relevant concentrations (Baatrup and Junge 2001) and altered courtship behavior in three-spined stickleback exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2 (Bell 2001). In the stickleback studies, exposed males became less aggressive and had a reduced nesting activity, and this was linked with reduced concentrations of the male sex androgen 11-ketotestosterone. Recently,... 

The possibility of reticulating the materials by carefully introducing additional substituent groups in the polymer during the synthetic process (1-2% or less), prone to undergo selected reactions (e.g. allylic double bonds [576-579]), and/or by addition of appropriate external additives (e.g. sulfur [578] or hydroperoxides [531,576-578,580]) to these polymers... 

De Gennes, PG, Possibilities Offertes Par La Reticulation De Polymeres en Presence D un Cristal Liquide, Physics Letters 28A, 725, 1969. 

If the electrochemical sensor does not require a permselective membrane, immobilization of the enzyme onto the surface of the electrode is possible. Glassy carbon graphite reticulated vitreous carbon and carbon paste electrodes... 

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