Resources hazards

Hazardous pesticides associated with global cotton production represent a substantial threat to global freshwater resources. Hazardous cotton pesticides are now known to contaminate rivers in USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Australia, Greece and West Africa. In Brazil, the world s 4th largest consumer of agrochemicals, researchers tested rainwater for the presence of pesticides. 19 different chemicals were identified of which 12 were applied to cotton within the study area. 

Types of Information Geology, water resources, hazardous and solid waste, air and water pollution and other environment topics... 

North Carolina Dept, of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Hazardous Waste Section... 

To satisfy the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1977) and its amendment for hazardous and solid waste (1984), the 80(K) Series Methods have been designed to analyze solid waste, soUs, and groundwater. In particular, methods 8240/8260 require the use of a purge-and-trap device in conjunction with packed or capillary GC/MS, respectively, for the analysis of purgeable organic compounds. Methods 8250/8270 concern analyses for the less-volatile bases, neutrals, and acids by GC/MS after extraction from the matrix by an organic solvent. 

The remaining step in the hazard identification and risk assessment procedure shown in Figure 1 is to decide on risk acceptance. For this step, few resources are available and analysts are left basically by themselves. Some companies have formal risk acceptance criteria. Most companies, however, use the results on a relative basis. That is, the results are compared to another process or processes where hazards and risks are weU-characterized. 

Hazardous Waste Incineration—H Resource Document, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1988, p. ix. 

Clean Air Act and its amendments ia 1970, 1977, and 1990 1967 Air Quahty Standards and National Air Pollution Acts and 1970 National Environmental PoHcy Act) (2) better waste disposal practices (1965 SoHd Waste Disposal Act 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) (see Wastes, industrial Waste treatment, hazardous wastes) (i) reduced noise levels (1972 Noise Control Act) (4) improved control of the manufacture and use of toxic materials (1976 Toxic Substances Control Act) and (5) assignment of responsibiUty to manufacturers for product safety (1972 Consumer Product Safety Act) (15,16). 

Regulation for the Management of Extremely Ha rdous Substances State ofDelaware, Department ofNatural Resources and Environmental Control, Sept. 25,1989 Extremely Hazardous Substances Risk Management A.c% Tide 7, Chapt. 77, July 19, 1988. 

The use of nuclear power has been a topic of debate for many years. Nuclear fuel represents a resource for generating energy weU into the future, whereas economically recoverable fossil fuel reserves may become depleted. Worker exposure, injuries, and fataHties in nuclear fuel mining are reportedly far less compared to those associated with recovery and handling of fossil fuels. Potential hazards associated with transporting and storing radioactive wastes do exist, however. 

R. P. Pohanish and S. A. Green, eds.. Hazardous Substance Resource Guide, Gale Research, Detroit, Mich., 1993, pp. 252—253. 

Based on the evidence that acceptable recycled petroleum products can be produced, there is a considerable legislative record encouraging the recycling of used oil. Starting with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1976 (20), used oil was held apart from the normal hazardous waste system because the oil was viewed as a valuable commodity. This was followed by the Used Oil Recycling Act in 1980 (33), which removed any federal requirement that lubricants containing re-refined base oil carry special labeling. 

Solid and Hazardous Waste. Regulation of pollution resulting from soHd waste disposal was formulated at a much slower pace than regulation of air or water pollution. It was not until the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (6) was passed that substantial controls were authorized. 

The main objectives of RCRA ate to protect pubHc health and the environment and to conserve natural resources. The act requires EPA to develop and adininistet the following programs soHd waste disposal practices providing acceptable protection levels for pubHc health and the environment transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes practices that eliminate or minimize hazards to human health and the environment the use of resource conservation and recovery whenever technically and economically feasible and federal, state, and local programs to achieve these objectives. 

Transportation and Disposal. Only highly alkaline forms of soluble sihcates are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as hazardous materials for transportation. When discarded, these ate classified as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical members of this class are sodium sihcate solutions having sihca-to-alkah ratios of less than 1.6 and sodium sihcate powders with ratios of less than 1.0. In the recommended treatment and disposal method, the soluble sihcates are neutralized with aqueous acid (6 Af or equivalent), and the resulting sihca gel is disposed of according to local, state, and federal regulations. The neutral hquid, a salt solution, can be flushed iato sewer systems (86). 

Thiophene and 3-methylthiophene are Hsted on the TSCA chemical substances inventory. Thiophene is regulated as a hazardous material under OSHA and also regulated under the Clean Air Act, Section 110, 40 CFR 60.489, but there are no exposure limits or controls set for 3-methylthiophene. Both materials are regulated under sections 311/312 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 1986 (SARA), as materials with an acute health and fire hazard, and under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as ignitable hazardous wastes (DOOl). 

Thermal treatment is used to destroy, break down, or aid in the desorption of contaminants in gases, vapors, Hquids, sludges, and soHds. There are a variety of thermal processes that destroy contaminants, most of which are classified as incineration. Incineration HteraHy means to become ash (from Medieval Latin, incinerare in or into ashes). With respect to the incineration of hazardous wastes regulated in the United States, however, there is a strict legal definition of what constitutes an incinerator. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) definition of incinerator at 40 CFR 260.10 is... 

Much of the current activity in the field of sohd waste management, especially with respect to hazardous wastes and resources recoveiy, is a direct consequence of recent legislation. Therefore, it is important to review the principal legislation that has affected the entire field of solid-waste management. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976 RCRA is the primaiy statute governing the regulation of solid and hazardous waste. It completely replaced the Sohd Waste Disposal Act of 1965 and supplemented the Resource Recoveiy Act of 1970 RCRA itself was substantiaUy amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). The principal objectives of RCRA as amended are to ... 

The past two decades have seen an increased social awareness of the impact of modern-day hfestyles on the environment. Pubhc environmental concerns include issues such as waste disposal hazardous-material regulations depletion of natural resources and air, water, and laud pollution. Nevertheless, roughly one-half of the total quau-... 

LandtiUing of Hazardous Wastes In many states, the only disposal option available for most hazardous wastes is landfilling. The basis for the management of hazardous-wastes landfills is set forth in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. In general, disposal sites for hazardous wastes shoiild be separate from sites for municipal solid wastes. If separate sites are not possible, great care must be taken to ensure that separate disposal operations are maintained. 

Do not produce a long list of recommendations without any indication of the relative contributions they will make to the reduction of risk or without any comparison of costs and benefits. Resources are not unhmited and the more we spend on reducing one hazard, the less there is left to spend on reducing others. 

Introduction Theprevious sections dealt with techniques for the identification of hazards and methods for calculating the effects of accidental releases of hazardous materials. This section addresses the methodologies available to analyze and estimate risk, which is a function of both the consequences of an incident and its frequency. The apphcation of these methodologies in most instances is not trivial. A significant allocation of resources is necessary. Therefore, a selection process or risk prioritization process is advised before considering a risk analysis study. 

Identify hazardous or regulated raw materials, intermediates, products and wastes that fall under OSHA, resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA), Department of Transportation (DOT) pipeline safety regulations or other impacting regulations. 

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