Recent Legislation

On September 25, 2009, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) set more stringent emissions standards for coal preparation and processing facilities. The final rule, according to USEPA, reflects improvements in air emission control technologies that have been developed since the new source performance standards (NSPS) for these sources were first issued in 1976. 

The final rule amends the NSPS for coal preparation and processing plants, establishing new emissions standards for particulate matter (PM), opacity, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO). The rule does not establish NSPS for emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), black carbon (a component of PM) or other greenhouse gases from these sources. The revised performance standards are intended to reduce emissions at all new, modified and reconstructed coal preparation and processing facilities at coal mines, power plants, cement plants, coke manufacturing facilities, and other industrial sites that process more than 200 tons of coal per day. 

The rule does not establish opacity or limits for particulate matter from open storage piles (which include the equipment used in the loading, nnloading, and conveying operations at the facility) or roadways. However, the rule requires owners or operators of these facilities to develop and comply with a fugitive coal dust emissions control plan. This plan mnst require implanentation of one or more control measures to minimize fugitive emissions of coal dnst that are appropriate for the particular site. 

modified and reconstructed coal preparation and processing plants will need to install controls or utilize work practices to meet the revised limits. 

after washing and upgrading, is transported to industrial centers either by rail, trucks, barges, ships or slurry pipelines (Chapter 6). Generally, the manner of coal handling is substantially affected by particle size, particle size distribution, moisture content, and local weather conditions. 

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M. L. Fair and J. Guandolo, Transportation Regulation, 7th ed., Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 1972. Comprehensive discussion of transport regulation prior to recent legislative reforms. 

Much of the current activity in the field of sohd waste management, especially with respect to hazardous wastes and resources recoveiy, is a direct consequence of recent legislation. Therefore, it is important to review the principal legislation that has affected the entire field of solid-waste management. 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Traditionally, their demand for water is met from the public metered supply supplemented, where appropriate to availability and quality for use, by surface or ground-water. Nevertheless, the cost of water provided by water companies varies significantly. Recent legislation and regulations will undoubtedly increase substantially the cost of public water supplies and also the cost differences between the water companies. 

Recent legislation sets near-zero limits for evaporative emission globally (EURO 11, 111/2000, and GARB). 

Recent legislative changes in France are likely to increase the market share of generics in that country. According to the March 18, 2000, issue of the Pharmaceutical Journal [77] the French market in generics was only 2%, whereas in England the comparable value was 15.3 and in the United States 40%. 

Encouraged by recent legislations all over the world aimed to protect human health and environment, alternative methods have proved their abilities to assess the toxicity of chemicals. Hence, a possible solution to the characterization of the toxicological and ecotoxicological risk of the chemicals could be represented by the application of in silico and in vitro techniques. 

Published information shows that the total amount of pesticides used in agriculture and industry is increasing (1,2). As a consequence of the large quantities used, pesticides are present in all areas of the natural environment. Monitoring pesticides in food poses substantial analytical problems as the demand increases for more sensitive methods, in response to recent legislation in many countries (3). 

Today, the planned installation of new oil fired steam boilers is essentially nil. Table II shows that approximately 96,000 mw of capacity will remain in place in 1987. These units were put into service primarily in the mid-1960fs and have 10-30 years of useful life remaining. Installed capacity of liquid fueled combined cycle units is expected to grow from 3000 to 8000 mw over this time period. These units generate electricity more efficiently than conventional boilers. Combined cycle capacity is projected to be utilized much more extensively than in the past. As a result, the anticipated quantity of power generated from combined cycle equipment may increase nine-fold from 4,000 to 36,000 million Kilowatt hours as shown in Table III. Unfortunately, the future use of petroleum liquids for this kind of operation has been jeopardized by the recently legislated Fuel Use Act. This Act requires coal to be used instead of petroleum for new power stations. 

A brief tabulation of some of the estimated additional costs which the coal industry faces as a result of recent legislation and regulations shows that coal is rapidly being priced out of the marketplace. Examples of these new additional costs are as follows ... 

ASTM F 96320 is a standard specification for toys which includes the requirements that (a) materials other than textiles (excluding paper) used in toys shall not be flammable, as defined under 16 CFR 1500.3 (c) (6) (vi) under the FHSA and (b) any textile fabrics used in toys must comply with 16 CFR 1610 (see above). Recent legislation, intended to prevent the use of lead in toys, has mandated that all toys comply with ASTM F 963. This leads to the unusual fact that children s toys must be safer than their upholstered furniture. 

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