Geological information

They performed an extensive case study to demonstrate the use of automatic history matching to reservoir characterization. For example, if the estimated permeability of a particular zone is unrealistically small compared to geological information, there is a good chance that an impermeable barrier is present. Similarly if the estimated porosity of a zone approaches unrealistically high values, chances are the zone of the reservoir should be expanded beyond its current boundary. 

Foster, J.B. and Goolsby, D.A., Construction of Waste-Injection Monitoring Wells near Pensacola, Florida, Florida Bureau of Geology Information Circular 74, 1972. 

The remainder of this paper can be restricted to coals of North America, since this is the area for which we have data and in any case other contributors to this collection will deal with the coals of their own areas. The first statement above needs qualification we ourselves have no liquefaction data on Canadian coals, but Ignasiak et al. (48) present some in this collection.Relying, as in the earlier part of this paper, on geological information, we can say that the strata of the North Great Plains and Rocky Mountain provinces continue north into Canada, as does the Pacific province. Nova Scotia contains some Carboniferous coals related to those in the Eastern province. 

Acknowledgements Xstrata Zinc is thanked for providing access to the Halfmile Lake deposit and providing samples and geological information. The authors also thank J. Walker, H. Campbell, M. Desrosiers, J. Burns, and L.-P. Cyr for assistance with field work. 

The increased interest in Mo and W due to commodity price increases since 2006 has created a need for a synthesis of information on known deposits and potential exploration environments within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. This review is drawn from the historical database of exploration and scientific studies, but it also provides some essential geological information concerning recent exploration developments in Newfoundland. Further information is provided in a recent article by Kerr et al. (2009). Molybdenum mineralization also occurs in Precambrian granites in Labrador, but these deposits presently lie within Inuit lands that are... 

When unit B-3b is missing, beds 3 and 4 cannot be recognized solely by quantitative petrography. Here, supplementary geological information is required to effect sensible correlations. Although total bed data yield results which indicate petrographic continuity, layer-by-layer studies indicate that... 

Estimates of the amount of natural gas available are made within the context of definitions and are subject to revision as definitions change, as additional information becomes available, as resources are consumed, or as undedying assumptions are altered. These definitions indude proved reserves where the resource is expected to be recoverable and marketable using known technology and prices probable reserves where a resource has been identified but not completdy characterized and possible or potential gas where estimates are based on the available geological information, historical trends, and previous successes. There are variations in these definitions throughout the wodd. 

As can be seen, the eigentime concentrates several important petrophysical and geological information in one parameter, which makes its practical application very convenient. There are no more esoteric dimensionless time, water influx constant, etc., only the eigentime. 

For mountainous areas, accurate information in appropriate format is key. In order to provide relevant geological information, modem tools like GIS and 3D modelling are required. 

Probable reserves are those reserves of petroleum that are nearly certain but about which a slight doubt exists. Possible reserves are those reserves of petroleum with an even greater degree of uncertainty about recovery but about which there is some information. An additional term potential reserves is also used on occasion these reserves are based upon geological information about... 

Potential reserves reserves based upon geological information about the types of sediments where such resources are likely to occur and they are considered to represent an educated guess. 

Geological information of the rock sequence and tectonic settings may be instructive but not definitive, as it is hard to translate field data into hydraulic conductivity values a shale bed may be fractured and let water flow through in one case, and a clay bed may be weathered and act as an aquiclude in another. In addition, a variety of processes lower the local water conductance, occasionally preventing lateral flow. An example of such a process is chemical clogging (Goldenberg et al., 1983). 

Historic aerial photographs provide the accuracy and documentation required to compile a precise record of site boundaries, points of access, and adjacent land use. Engineering borings for construction projects in the vicinity of suspected sites are integrated with geologic information to construct reasonable hydrogeologic models to evaluate potential leachate impact on water wells or nearby inhabitants. 

Figure 5. Geologic ranking sheet. This form serves as a general guide for evaluating and recording geologic information on specific sites. See Table II...

Oxygen is the most common and most important chemical element of the Earth s crust, but study of its geochemical evolution did not become possible until the development of methods of isotopic analysis. Numerous determinations of 8 0, i.e., the relative content of the heavy oxygen isotope compared to a generally accepted standard, have indicated the existence of considerable variations, which carry geologic information. Substantial enrichment of... 

A further assumption is that the pattern and intensity of this leakage also provides information on preferential pathways that the leakage follows, and as such can be combined with additional geologic information to predict broad subsurface hydrocarbon fairways. In fact, in some instances it has been claimed that such data can identify areas of reservoired hydrocarbons. This last claim is often the subject of heated debate, however, commonly depending in which camp (for or against geochemistry) the explorationist resides. 

The acquisition of the large shale samples described here was funded most recently by the U.S. Department of Energy earlier it was funded by the American Gas Association and later by the Gas Research Institute. The authors wish to express their appreciation to these organizations for permission to publish this paper. We also wish to thank personnel of the various state and federal agencies who assisted us in obtaining oil shale samples for testing and provided a considerable amount of geological information. 

Slight differences in chemical and physical properties can lead to small variations in the isotopic composition of natural samples. They can be exploited to give geological information (dating and origin of rocks, etc.) and lead to small variations in the molar mass of elements. 

Computer-data processing techniques can be utilized to interpret and present results obtained from site surveys in order to filter out unwanted cultural interferences, and to evaluate plume characteristics. Correlation of EM maps with field-collected geologic information is essential for the final interpretation of the survey data. Two and three layer conductivity models can be constructed using quantitative techniques. The resulting models are generally less detailed in the vertical resolution of the subsurface layers than those produced from vertical electrical soundings. 

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