Reliability and validity

Finally, process analytics methods can be used in commercial manufacturing, either as temporary methods for gaining process information or troubleshooting, or as permanent installations for process monitoring and control. The scope of these applications is often more narrowly defined than those in development scenarios. It will be most relevant for manufacturing operations to maintain process robustness and/or reduce variability. Whereas the scientific scope is typically much more limited in permanent installations in production, the practical implementation aspects are typically much more complex than in an R D environment. The elements of safety, convenience, reliability, validation and maintenance are of equal importance for the success of the application in a permanent installation. Some typical attributes of process analytics applications and how they are applied differently in R D and manufacturing are listed in Table 2.1. 

Weiner, Z., Reich, W., Herjanic, B., Jung, K.G., and Amado, H. (1987) Reliability, validity, and parent child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA)./ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26 649-653. 

Because the principal focus of pharmacoeconomics is to incorporate outcomes in the demonstration of the value of a therapy, the quality of life that results from a therapy has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Most frequently, quality of life is measured using standardized instruments to collect patient-reported quality of life. These instruments are traditionally developed using patient or expert interviews to establish the areas of inquiry or domains of the instrument The use of these instruments in pharmacoeconomics is heavily dependent on the demonstrated psychometric properties of the instrument, such as its reliability, validity and responsiveness, or on sensitivity to the changes in the disease to be studied. 

JR Wittenhom. Reliability, validity and objectivity of symptom-rating scales. J Mental and Nervous Dis 154 79-87, 1972. 

Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N, Jittiwutikan J. Amphetamine withdrawal I. Reliability, validity and factor structure of a measure. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1999 33 89-93. 

Therefore, food and feed legislation has been put in place at both national and European levels for some time. For its implementation, there is a strong need for development and harmonisation of reliable, validated and if possible, simple analytical methods. 

The study of HRQOL requires a multidimensional approach. Assessments must include components that evaluate, at a minimum, the health concepts of physical functioning, social and role functioning, mental health, and perception of general health. In addition, the full continuum of these concepts must be included, from the most limited to the healthiest. Approaches to capture HRQOL data include the self-administered questionnaire, personal interview, telephone interview, observation, and postal survey. The assessment instruments must possess acceptable reliability, validity, and sensitivity, and the investigators and the participants must accept them. Psychometrics... 

Wu AW, Revicki DA, Jacobson D, Malitz FE. Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the medical outcomes study HIV health survey (MOS-HIV). Qual Life Res 1997 6 481-493. 

Sprague RL, Kalachnik JE. Reliability, validity, and a total score cutoff for the dyskinesia identification system Condensed user scale (DISCUS) with mentally ill and mentally retarded populations. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991 27 51-58. 

Reliability (what levels of reliability, validity, and completeness are required)... 

Strength Speed of Movement Endurance Reliability, Validity, and Limitations in Testing Performance Capacity Space Representations Conclusion Defining Terms References Further Information... 

Burnham, R.S., Mckinley, R.S. Vincent, D.D. (2006) Three types of skin-surface thermometers a comparison of reliability, validity, and responsiveness. American journal ofphysical medicine rehabilitation, 85, 553-558. 

Throughout this text, 1 have referred to published research in order to justify psychological principles or recommendations for intervention procedures. Information presented in this text is foxmded on rigorous evaluation, not common sense. Evaluation techniques used in published research is, indeed, more rigorous and complex in terms of reliability, validity, and statistical analysis than those needed for continuous improvement of real-world safety programs. The basic principles and issues presented in this chapter, however, are relevant to both researchers (seeking to contribute to professional scholarship) and practitioners (seeking continuous improvement of an intervention process). 

S Nordin, A Bramerson, E Liden,M Bende. The Scandinavian Odor-Identification Test Development, reliability, validity and normative data. Acta Otolar5mgol (Stockh) 118 226-234, 1998. 

Only recently has strength-based assessment, particularly informal assessment, received the same rigorous psychometric consideration as deficit-oriented approaches. Specifically, proponents of strength-based assessment are just beginning to investigate the reliability, validity, and fidelity of implementation of their strength-oriented measures. Without such evidence, it is difficult to be certain that... 

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