Residue data, importance

Cranberries Not likely to require foreign residue data. Cranberries account for an extremely low percentage of the US diet. In this case, ERA would probably not require submission of foreign residue data because dietary exposure to residues in imported cranberries is very low and ERA determines that US field trials would be representative of growing conditions in Canada. ... 

Worldwide data are not readily available as many nations do not publish the results of their animal residue monitoring programs. The best available data are those published regularly by the Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). It is possible to go back over data for many years and demonstrate improvements in the residue situation, however the records for the past few years are the important ones as they are representative of current or recent events. Since the publication of worldwide residue data is at best sparse and not consistent, this chapter has made use of the regularly published residue data from the FSIS/USDA surveys, which are available on the Internet. The assumption made in this chapter, and perhaps there is a certain naivete to this assumption, is that international residue usage is similar to that found by the FSIS/USDA. This assumption is based upon the frequency of residues found in meat products imported into the U.S. 

In many cases, studies in tropical matrices have not been carried out using Quality Assurance (QA) systems, leading to the question of confidence in the data produced. For diis reason it is important that laboratories reporting pesticide residue data have an adequate QA system. 

Developing countries should identify on a priority basis minor crops of economic importance to them. These could be put forward to the CCPR for inclusion in the Priority List or directly to the JMPR for consideration of extrapolation. The submission must also be accompanied by detailed information as outlined in the FAO Manual on Submission and Evaluation of Pesticide Residues Data for the Estimation of Maximum Residue Levels in Food and Feed for the estimation of group MRLs [2]. 

T he subject of " Identification of Pesticides at the Residue Level is both timely and important in this period when we are actively reviewing the values and hazards of pesticide usage, since such a review is dependent upon reliable analytical data. Therefore, the reporting of unconfirmed residue data is misleading and can often result in controversy. The use of infrared spectrophotometry has pioneered in this important task of confirming the identity of pesticide residues. 

U.S. tolerances is the responsibility of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the absence of a specific tolerance, residues must be below detectable levels. Based on modifications to FFDCA mandated by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, several new elements were introduced to the EPA tolerance process. These include the need to consider the special sensitivity of infants and children, the potential exposure via multiple routes of exposure (i.e., aggregate exposure from dietary and non-dietary sources), and the potential for exposure to other pesticides and chemicals with a common mechanism of toxicity (i.e., cumulative exposure). Under FQPA, the EPA was also required to complete a reevaluation of all existing tolerances during a 10-year period. Domestically established M RLs apply also to imported commodities, but there is an established (if somewhat slow) process for evaluation of residue data from other countries in support of import tolerances. 

Acceptance of locally generated residue data by JMPR and importing countries ... 

The quantity of undrainable residual moisture caimot be predicted without the benefit of experimental data. Equation 17 (6) indicates the important parameters where the exponents were determined using limited experimentation. Introducing the approximation that is proportional to 1/d, where s is the specific surface area per weight of solid, the modified equation for undrainable liquid becomes... 

The use of QM-MD as opposed to QM-MM minimization techniques is computationally intensive and thus precluded the use of an ab initio or density functional method for the quantum region. This study was performed with an AMi Hamiltonian, and the first step of the dephosphorylation reaction was studied (see Fig. 4). Because of the important role that phosphorus has in biological systems [62], phosphatase reactions have been studied extensively [63]. From experimental data it is believed that Cys-i2 and Asp-i29 residues are involved in the first step of the dephosphorylation reaction of BPTP [64,65]. Alaliambra et al. [30] included the side chains of the phosphorylated tyrosine, Cys-i2, and Asp-i 29 in the quantum region, with link atoms used at the quantum/classical boundaries. In this study the protein was not truncated and was surrounded with a 24 A radius sphere of water molecules. Stochastic boundary methods were applied [66]. 

An effective method for localizing causes of redox potentials is to plot the total backbone and side chain contributions to ( ) per residue for homologous proteins as functions of the residue number using a consensus sequence, with insertions treated by summing the contribution of the entire insertion as one residue. The results for homologous proteins should be examined for differences in the contributions to ( ) per residue that correlate with observed redox potential differences. These differences can then be correlated with any other sequence-redox potential data for proteins that lack crystal or NMR structures. In addition, any sequences of homologous proteins that lack both redox potentials and structures should be examined, because residues important in defining the redox potential are likely to have semi-sequence conservation of a few key amino acid types. 

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