Relevant ASTM Standards

Standard methods of testing elastomers used for medical applications are given by specific ASTM test methods. Physical and biological tests are provided here to serve as references for the data cited in the tables and listed in Table 4.17. They are also designated in the FDA Guidance Document. 

Natural rubberExxon Chem. Co., Buffalo Grove, IL Goodyear Tire 

Single oxide ceramics, e.g. aluminium oxide (AI2OJ, alumina) and zirconium dioxide (ZrOj, zirconia), are bioceramics of an inert nature. An inert ceramic does not form a bonding to bone similar to those bioceramics of bioactive nature. Alumina bioceramics are in the pure aluminium oxide form, whereas zirconia bioceramics are partially stabilized by additional oxides, e.g. yttrium oxide, calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. 

Oxide ceramics exhibit superior mechanical properties, corrosion and wear resistance. Since the oxides are the highest oxidation state of the metal, they are stable even in the most invasive industrial and biomedical environments. Alumina and zirconia are utilized as load-bearing hard tissue replacements and fixation implants in dentistry and surgery. 

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A V-notched asymmetric four-point bending test on a pultruded GFRP coupon is shown in Fig. 13.6(a). The coupon is somewhat larger than is prescribed in the relevant ASTM standard (see ASTM D 5379-05, 2005). In addition, it also includes end stabilisers to prevent the coupon tipping sideways whilst it is being installed in the test fixture. A strain gauged. 

For the most part, electrochemical testing in organic solutions is no different than such testing in aqueous solutions. The same experimental arrangements are used, and the appropriate standards, such as ASTM G 5, G 59, and G 61, are still applicable (see section titled Relevant ASTM Standards in this chapter). The chapter in this manual that describes electrochemical testing [4] should be consulted for other information on that subject. This section will focus on the special considerations in electrochemical testing in organic solutions. 

Tras CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS the coiTOsion resistance of nickel and its alloys and identifies relevant ASTM standards associated with their evaluation. The test technique selected ultimately will depend upon the specific alloy involved, the type of corrosion in question, or the end application, or a combination thereof. The following discussions will deal primarily with aqueous corrosion and the nickel-base (greater than about 30 % nickel) alloys designed for aqueous corrosion resistance. High-temperature gaseous corrosion will be addressed in other sections. 

Mechanical properties were evaluated using an INSTRON universal testing machine (Model 4301). Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties were determined according to relevant ASTM standards. Izod impact strength was determined using impact tester (Zwick, Germarty). 

The usual standard methods for volume and surface resistivity both use the same test piece and electrode geometry and essentially the same measuring circuit. There are no ISO or IEC methods for rubbers but, where national standards specifically for polymers exist, they are usually adaptations of the IEC Publication 600931 for insulating materials in general. The relevant British Standards for rubbers are BS 903-C12 for surface resistivity and BS 903-C23 for volume resistivity. ASTM has an equivalent to the IEC standard for insulating materials generally, D2574, but no standard specifically for rubbers. 

Although the focus of the book is on the relevant ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) test methods with the numbers given, where possible the corresponding ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and BS (British Standards Institution) test method numbers are also presented. As an aside, the ASTM may have withdrawn some of the test methods noted herein,... 

Relevant ASTM specifications and standards are presented in App. G. A variety of federal and military specifications describing adhesives and test methods have been prepared. Selected government specifications are also described in App. G. Table 19.4 identifies several other sources of specifications for adhesives, sealants, and related equipment. 

Relevant national standards are available covering particle size analysis by microscopy. BS 3406 Part 4 [11] is the British Standard guide to optical microscopy. The American standard ASTM E20 was discontinued in 1994 [12]. ASTM 175-82 [13] is a standard defining terminology for microscope related applications. ASTM E766-98 [14] is a standard practice for calibrating the magnification of an SEM. NF XI1-661 [15] is the French standard for optical microscopy. NF XI1-696 [16] covers... 

For a particular set of conditions, acquire and store the spectrum of a sample similar to those involved in the application, either an ASTM standard or a stable material of reliable purity. The peak height or area of a particular Raman feature will serve as an indication of quantitative reproducibility and sensitivity. Be sure to record all relevant instrumental parameters, such as laser power, slit width, grating position, laser focusing parameters, integration time, CCD gain, and the like. The intent is to be able to reproduce these conditions at a future date, to check for response degradation. 

The lEC standard. Publication 250 [8], consists of an outline of the general principles of measurement methods for use up to 300 MHz. Unfortunately, it gives very little detailed instruction on procedures and is in serious need of revision. Work on such revision has been in hand for several years. A similar ASTM standard, D150 [9], is also a very useful source of background information. The following table summarizes the relevant standards of lEC, BSI, and ASTM. 

The nuclear method is a non-destructive method and determines the binder content on both uncompacted asphalt and laboratory-compacted asphalt specimens. With this method, it is not possible to determine the aggregate gradation afterwards. The method uses an apparatus that utilises neutron thermalisation techniques. The nuclear method is quicker than the ignition method but it utilised radioactive material, which may be hazardous to the health of the users unless proper precautions are taken. The nuclear method for determination of the asphalt binder content is conducted according to ASTM D 4125 (2010) or AASHTO T 287 (2010). A detailed description of the test method is given in Section 9.6.6. There was no relevant European standard at the time of writing the book. 

Many ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards are used for testing. However, it has been shown that the values they give for certain properties are different from those given by ISO tests. Hence the ASTM test methods should only be used where no equivalent ISO tests have been published. However, for convenience, a list of some of the relevant ASTM tests is given at the end of this chapter because they have been so widely used in the past. 

Relevant ISO Standards covering compliance testing are listed in 7.2 of this EUROCOMP Handbook. In general, they cover the behaviour of test samples, either specially made or cut from the component, and not the behaviour of the component itself. (Some component tests are included in ASTM methods, see appendix to this chapter.) Thus it will be necessary to agree appropriate tests to be carried out, bearing in mind the size of the component and its intended use. As discussed before, all testing should be carried out under an approved quality scheme. 

For the design data, the relevant properties that need to be evaluated along with the applicable ISO and ASTM standard methods are summarized in Tables 11.12 and 11.13, respectively. For some of the properties like pvT data, no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, and fatigue in tension, etc., no national or international standards exist today. Efforts are under way to develop industrywide standards for these properties. Suggested test conditions in Tables 11.12 and 11.13 are intended to serve as a guide in establishing specific test conditions for the purpose of developing comparable data. 

All the standards relevant for geosynthetics from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, www.astm.org) are regularly published in its annual book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.13, Geosynthetics (ASTM 2003), see Appendix 2, Table A2.2. Further information might be taken from the website of the Committee D35 Geosynthetics and its subcommittee D35.10 on geomembranes. 

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