Recommended Dietary Allowances proteins

It has been well established that the ingestion of high dietary protein levels results in hypercalciuria in man, and that hypercalciuria is frequently accompanied by negative calcium balance (1-3). In a summary of data from nutritional surveys in the U.S., Pao (4J showed that dietary protein intake was well above the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for both men and women regardless of age (1). Although dietary calcium intakes are generally at the RDA for men, women below the age of 50 yr consume only 75% of the RDA (4J. Women above the age of 50 yr consume only two-thirds of the RDA for calcium (4). These low consumptions become critical when we consider the reduced ability for calcium absorption demonstrated in both men and women over the age of 60 yr (6). 

The presence of proteins in the diet is essential for health. An important question, therefore, is what is the minimal amount of protein that must be provided to maintain health It is not an easy question to answer. Even when no protein or amino acid is consumed, in an otherwise adequate diet, urea is lost from the body due to body protein break down. The daily loss of protein is about 0.34 g per kg or about 24 g protein each day for a 70 kg person (i.e. when no protein is consumed). However, this amount does not represent the minimal intake required, since other factors, (such as the amount of energy consumed, other components in the diet, and trauma physical activity can affect this amount.) The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for a young adult is 0.8 g per kg per day (Table 8.6). 

Age (years) Body weight (kg) Recommended Dietary Allowance of protein (g/kg per day) ... 

PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid PV peroxide value PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone PVPP polyvinylpolypyrolidone RAS retronasal aroma stimulator RDA recommended dietary allowance RF radio frequency RFI relative fluorescence intensity RI retention index RNU relative nitrogen utilization ROESY rotational nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy RP-HPLC reversed-phase HPLC RPER relative protein efficiency ratio RS resistant starch RT retention time RVP relative vapor pressure S sieman (unit of conductance)... 

Despite the logic of ketogenic diets for PDC deficiency on biochemical grounds, there are several theoretical concerns regarding their long-term use. For example, diets in which the fat intake is relatively low (<65%) may contain an amount of protein (to accommodate caloric needs) that exceeds the age-adjusted recommended dietary allowance. The acid load from such diets could exacerbate the congenital acid-base disorder in PDC-defective individuals and could contribute to the renal hyperfiltration reported to occur in some patients. Ketogenic diets may also cause hypercalciuria and increase the risk of bone demineralization in PDC deficiency. 

Athletes associate performance with diet. Meat became a staple of ancient Greek and Roman athletes as they attempted to achieve the strength and endurance of carnivorous members of the animal kingdom. As knowledge of nutrition and muscle physiology increased, athletes became convinced that to increase muscle mass and strength required increased dietary protein. However, nutrition textbooks (1,2) and the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA s) established by the National Academy of Sciences (.3) state that there is little or no need for extra protein for exercise. 

Recommended Dietary Allowances. (1980) Protein and amino acids. Ninth Edition. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., pp. 39-54. 

RDA. Abbreviation for recommended dietary allowances of food requirements, including proteins, vitamins and minerals for infants, children, and adults, established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council. They are revised periodically, particularly in reference to certain vitamins (C, BE, and E) and proteins. 

Because grains such as rice and corn are usually poor in lysine, and because beans are usually poor in methionine, vegetarians are at risk for malnutrition unless they eat grains and beans together. This leads to the concept of complementary proteins, mixtures that provide all the essential amino acids—for example, corn and beans in succotash, or a bean burrito made with a corn tortilla. The specific recommended dietary allowances for adult males follow. Adult females who are neither pregnant nor lactat-ing need 20% less than the amounts indicated for adult males. 

Recommended dietary allowance of good-quality protein is 0.83 g/kg of body weight per day with the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score value of 1.0 (WHO, 2002). Acceptable macronutrient distribution... 

Vitamins function in two basic ways, either as a nutrient or vitamin or as a chemical (Herbert, 1980). When the function is known, fat-soluble vitamins function as regulators of specific metabolic activity, and the water-soluble vitamins function as coenzymes. Although rather exact roles for some of the vitamins in the chain of metabolic events are understood, it is safe to say that the complete function of any one of the vitamins in the body is unknown. What we do know about specific coenzyme functions is that the encouragement of doses of at least tenfold above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) serves no nutritional function (Herbert, 1977). Vitamins enter the body as a component of food, travel to the tissues/cells that need them, are taken into the cells, and converted into a coenzyme form. In some cases the vitamin enters the cell as the coenzyme form already. A protein within the cell, called apoenzyme, combines with the vitamin coenzyme to form a holoenzyme. The holoenzyme or enzyme then serves the vitamin function of catalyzing certain specific metabolic-biochemical reactions. It appears that only when combined with its apoenzyme within the cell can a vitamin function as a vitamin. Since the quantity of protein, as well as the quantity of apoenzyme, any cell can make per unit time is limited (Schimke and Doyle,... 

It is principally known for its high vitamin C content, being one of the most important natural sources for this vitamin (Muller et al. 2010 Vendramini and Trugo 2000). The consumption of three fruit units per day satisfies the vitamin C recommended dietary allowance for an adult. In addition, it presents amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, proteins, and mineral salts, mainly iron, calcium, and phosphorous (Mezquita and Vigoa 2000). Mezadri et al. (2008) observed that contents in total... 

World War II created the condition for the formulation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the Committee on Food and Nutrition, United States National Research Council (1941). The goal of this table and of its subsequent revisions (1945,1948, 1953) is much higher than any previously sought— the building up of our people to a level of health and vigor never before attained or dreamed of. The table itself is the most detailed that had yet been devised, providing allowances for calories, protein, calcium, iron, and six vitamins for men and women and for children of various ages. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF RIBOFLAVIN. Prior to 1980, the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences, related the allowances for riboflavin to (1) protein allowances (1958), (2) energy intake (1964), and (3) metabolic body size (1968). In the ninth edition, 1980, the FNB concluded that the information available does not support strongly any one of these over another. In the tenth edition, 1989, the FNB listed the following factors as being known to affect the riboflavin requirements nitrogen balance, energy (work) expenditure, and pregnancy-lactation. 

CampbeUWW,TrappeTA, WolfeRRetal. (2001)The recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for older people to maintain skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sd Med Sd 56, M373-M380. 

Wolfe RR, Miller SL. (2008) The recommended dietary allowance of protein a misunderstood concept. JAMA 299, 2891-2893. 

Table 15.10 presents the adult U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for EAAs and total protein. These RDA values are the amounts considered to be adequate to meet or exceed the needs of practically all healthy adults (nonpregnant... 

DRIs, dietary reference intakes EAR, estimated average requirement RDA, recommended dietary allowance AI, adequate intake.-Data from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2002) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, Amino Acids. Washington, DC The National Academies Press. 

The recommended dietary allowances (RDA) or dietary reference intakes (DRl) of protein for human male and female adults are in the range of 45-65 g per day. In accordance with this, an intake of 100 g of fish would contribute 15-25% of the total daily protein requirement of healthy adults and 70% of that of children. A look at the dietary importance of the Mediterranean diet is convenient one of its characteristics is the high consumption of all kinds of fish, chiefly fatty fish. In many Mediterranean countries, fish intake averages over 50 g per day (edible flesh) thus, fish protein contributes over 10% of the total daily protein requirements steadily over the whole year in those countries. 

PORK AS A FOOD. Pork is an important food and a rich source of many essential nutrients. An average 3.5 oz (99.4 g) serving of cooked pork ham provides 37 g of protein (that s 2/ 3 of the recommended daily allowance of protein) and 8.8 g of fat, along with being an excellent source of minerals and vitamins. Its high-quality protein contains all the essential amino acids needed to build, maintain, and repair body tissues. Pork is rich in iron, and the iron is readily used in the formation and maintenance of red blood cells. Also, pork is a major dietary source of the B vitamins, especially thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. Also pork is about 98% digestible. 

Protein Allowance. Using nitrogen balance, the recommended daily dietary allowance for protein may be derived as follows ... 

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