RECOMMENDATION EQUIVALENTS

The safety measures necessary for following the recommendations or recommendation equivalents could be detailed or referenced in SDS. The process would need to be presented to companies in such a way to ensure that threshold calculations for preparations follow Directive 1999/45 on the classification and labelling of preparations [310]. In other words, additive rules for combined toxicity must be followed unless evidence suggests that synergistic or antagonistic mechanisms are at work. 

Only in cases when regulators require information during evaluation or enforcement would detailed exposure calculations need to be submitted by a company. The recommendations would serve as a regulatory reference source for formulators or manufacturers. Therefore, a downstream user would only need to communicate a chemical use upstream for registration purposes when it believed the chemical application in a manufacturing process fell outside the exposure scenarios for which a recommendation or recommendation equivalent applies. 

Sufficient reduction of risks to professional users from handling MTBE would be considered achievable through the development and review of recommendation equivalents. Targets would however be necessary to reduce overall environmental burdens particularly from accidental spills. 

Under the systems framework, regulatory recommendations for professional and consumer products should guide regulators and industry through REACH. Companies would be able to develop recommendation equivalents that could incorporate a wider set of communication and management tools than currently envisaged under REACH. 

The highly stable and heat-resistant Silicone oils are very satisfsu tory. Midlsind Silicone or Dow-Coming fluid 650 or 600 (or the equivalent I.C.I. product) is recommended. Their only drawback is their high cost. 

Acetone in conjunction with benzene as a solvent is widely employed. With cyclohexanone as the hydrogen acceptor, coupled with toluene or xylene as solvent, the use of higher reaction temperatures is possible and consequently the reaction time is considerably reduced furthermore, the excess of cyclohexanone can be easily separated from the reaction product by steam distillation. At least 0 25 mol of alkoxide per mol of alcohol is used however, since an excess of alkoxide has no detrimental effect 1 to 3 mols of aluminium alkoxide is recommended, particularly as water, either present in the reagents or formed during secondary reactions, will remove an equivalent quantity of the reagent. In the oxidation of steroids 50-200 mols of acetone or 10-20 mols of cyclohexanone are generally employed. 

QSPR and QSAR are useful techniques for predicting properties that would be very dilficult to predict by any other method. This is a somewhat empirical or indirect calculation that ultimately limits the accuracy and amount of information which can be obtained. When other means of computational prediction are not available, these techniques are recommended for use. There are a variety of algorithms in use that are not equivalent. An examination of published results and tests of several techniques are recommended. 

Symbols separated by commas represent equivalent recommendations. Symbols for physical and chemical quantities should be printed in italic type. Subscripts and superscripts which are themselves symbols for physical quantities should be italicized all others should be in Roman type. Vectors and matrices should be printed in boldface italic type, e.g., B, b. Symbols for units should be printed in Roman type and should remain unaltered in the plural, and should not be followed by a full stop except at the end of a sentence. References International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988 Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units, Pure Applied Chem. 31 577-638 (1972), 37 499-516 (1974), 46 71-90 (1976), 51 1-41, 1213-1218 (1979) 53 753-771 (1981), 54 1239-1250 (1982), 55 931-941 (1983) lUPAP-SUN, Symbols, Units and Nomenclature in Physics, PV ica 93A 1-60 (1978). 

Regulation Outside the United States. Each country estabhshes its own weights and measures requirements. The majority of these are based on the recommendations of the Organisation Internationale de Miitrologie Liigale (OIML), ia Paris. K76-1 is the OIML equivalent of Handbook 44 it uses accuracy classes and an acceptance tolerance stmcture similar ia many ways to Table 1 (8). 

Initially, there was some ovedap on proposed analytical methods to accomplish a particular analysis. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods and Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) methods in some cases dupHcated ASTA methods, but the procedures differed. Most spice companies, particulady those who are members of ASTA, use ASTA recommended methods. In an attempt to ensure that equivalent specifications are reported, the Technical Group of ASTA develops specifications and in some cases recommends that a BAM or AO AC method be used. 

The lambda type is nongelling, and functions as a thickner. Iota-carrageenan has been recommended (45) for use in formulating low fat ground beef due to its abihty to retain moisture, especially through a freeze—thaw cycle which is typical for ground beef patties. Oat bran and oat fiber can also be used to improve moisture retention and mouth feel. Modified starches can be used as binders to maintain juiciness and tenderness in low fat meat products. Maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent less than 20) may be used as binders up to 3.5% in finished meat products. Other carbohydrates such as konjac flour, alginate, microcrystalline cellulose, methylceUulose, and carboxymethylceUulose have also been used in low fat meat products (see CELLULOSE ETHERs). 

Transportation and Disposal. Only highly alkaline forms of soluble sihcates are regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as hazardous materials for transportation. When discarded, these ate classified as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical members of this class are sodium sihcate solutions having sihca-to-alkah ratios of less than 1.6 and sodium sihcate powders with ratios of less than 1.0. In the recommended treatment and disposal method, the soluble sihcates are neutralized with aqueous acid (6 Af or equivalent), and the resulting sihca gel is disposed of according to local, state, and federal regulations. The neutral hquid, a salt solution, can be flushed iato sewer systems (86). 

Sodium Intake. Where salt is readily available, most of the world s population chooses to consume about 6,000—11,000 mg of salt or sodium chloride a day so that average daily sodium intake from all sources is 3,450 mg (8,770 mg NaCl) (13). The U.S. EDA s GRAS review puts the amount of naturally occurring sodium in the American diet at 1000—1500 mg/d, equivalent to the amount of sodium in approximately 2500—3800 mg NaCl. Thus the average daily intake of NaCl from food-grade salt used in food processing (qv) and from salt added in cooking or at the table is from 4960—6230 mg NaCl. The requirement for salt in the diet has not been precisely estabUshed, but the safe and adequate intake for adults is reported as 1875—5625 mg (14). The National Academy of Sciences recommends that Americans consume a minimum of 500 mg/d of sodium (1250 mg/d salt) (6,15). 

Calcitonin. Calcitonin is available commercially from pork and salmon extracts (Calcimar, Armour) as well as by synthesis. Preparations are bioassayed on the basis of their calcium-lowering activity in comparison to the potency of pure pork calcitonin of which ca 4 p.g is equivalent to 1 MRC unit (Medical Research Council, U.K.). For clinical use, vials containing 400 units in 4 mL are available. The recommended daily dosage is 100 units to be adrninistered subcutaneously or intramuscularly because its plasma half-life is short (4—12 min). 

C = basic dynamic load rating in kg or N (provided by the bearing manufacturer). It is the load which will give a life of 1 million revolutions P - equivalent dynamic bearing load in kg or N p = exponent of the life equation, which depends upon the type of contact between the races and the rolling elements. It is recommended as 3 for ball bearings and 10/3 for roller bearings = speed of the machine in r.p.m. 

For a power frequency voltage withstand test a d.c. test is generally not recommended on a.e. equipment, unless only d.c., test voltage is available at the plaee of testing. The d.e. test values, as above, are therefore for such eventualities only and are equivalent to power frequency a.c. voltage withstand test values. 

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