Acceptable tolerance

It can easily be shown that an experimentally generated curve coincides with the synthetically generated DGS curve having applicable corrections (transfer loss and sound attenuation) with acceptable tolerances. However, our intention is not to replace the reference block method by the DGS method. In practical application you may encounter many cases, where only the reference block method can be applied, e.g. ... 

Table 1 is condensed from Handbook 44. It Hsts the number of divisions allowed for each class, eg, a Class III scale must have between 100 and 1,200 divisions. Also, for each class it Hsts the acceptance tolerances appHcable to test load ranges expressed in divisions (d) for example, for test loads from 0 to 5,000 d, a Class II scale has an acceptance tolerance of 0.5 d. The least ambiguous way to specify the accuracy for an industrial or retail scale is to specify an accuracy class and the number of divisions, eg. Class III, 5,000 divisions. It must be noted that this is not the same as 1 part in 5,000, which is another method commonly used to specify accuracy eg, a Class III 5,000 d scale is allowed a tolerance which varies from 0.5 d at zero to 2.5 d at 5,000 divisions. CaHbration curves are typically plotted as in Figure 12, which shows a typical 5,000-division Class III scale. The error tunnel (stepped lines, top and bottom) is defined by the acceptance tolerances Hsted in Table 1. The three caHbration curves belong to the same scale tested at three different temperatures. Performance must remain within the error tunnel under the combined effect of nonlinearity, hysteresis, and temperature effect on span. Other specifications, including those for temperature effect on zero, nonrepeatabiHty, shift error, and creep may be found in Handbook 44 (5). The acceptance tolerances in Table 1 apply to new or reconditioned equipment tested within 30 days of being put into service. After that, maintenance tolerances apply they ate twice the values Hsted in Table 1.

Regulation Outside the United States. Each country estabhshes its own weights and measures requirements. The majority of these are based on the recommendations of the Organisation Internationale de Miitrologie Liigale (OIML), ia Paris. K76-1 is the OIML equivalent of Handbook 44 it uses accuracy classes and an acceptance tolerance stmcture similar ia many ways to Table 1 (8). 

For new rotors, where the elements have not yet been put on the rotor, other techniques can be used. First, the components can be individually balanced on a precision mandrel. Precision means that the runout is a few tenths of a mil (.001 inch). The runout high spot should be scribed on the mandrel. The new component now can be reasonably well-balanced. As the component is removed from the mandrel, the mandrel mark should be transferred to the component. When all the components are completed, the shaft is checked for runout. The high spot should be marked. As the components are stacked onto the shaft, the marks on the shaft are aligned with those transferred to the component. This works well with keyless rotors (no key between shaft and component). Experience has shown ihat in most cases with keyless rotors when the stacked rotor is put in the balance machine and checked, the residual unbalance is within the acceptable tolerance. If not, the rotor must be unstacked and the problem located. It must be remembered, however, if the components were properly balanced and the rotor comes out with unbalance, there must be a proh-... 

Establishing the interface design parameters is easy enough, but forcing designers to establish acceptable tolerance on interface boundary conditions is difficult. Operating parameters need tolerance just as much as manufactured dimensions. 

Optimized grit blast/silane treatments can provide wedge test durability as good as PAA with failure entirely cohesive within the adhesive (Fig. 21) [89]. Maintaining the process parameters within acceptable tolerances is critical with the heat drying of the silane on the treated surface being the most sensitive process parameter. 

A network that is too large may require a large number of training patterns in order to avoid memorization and training time, while one that is too small may not train to an acceptable tolerance. Cybenko [30] has shown that one hidden layer with homogenous sigmoidal output functions is sufficient to form an arbitrary close approximation to any decisions boundaries for the outputs. They are also shown to be sufficient for any continuous nonlinear mappings. In practice, one hidden layer was found to be sufficient to solve most problems for the cases considered in this chapter. If discontinuities in the approximated functions are encountered, then more than one hidden layer is necessary. 

Step 8. Repeat Steps 2 through 7 until the assumed and calculated convergence pressures check within an acceptable tolerance, or until the two successive calculations for the same light and pseudo heavy components agree within an acceptable tolerance. 

The trioxide has a low toxicity max acceptable tolerance level is 5mg/cc of air (human) and LD75 intraperitoneal (ip) in guinea pigs is 400mg/kg... 

Assessment of standards and acceptable tolerances. Decisions must be made about what is accepted as variation inherent to the overall system (due to common causes), as opposed to deviations that exceed the accepted variation of the system (due to specific causes). Typical concerns are the... 

Determination of appropriate measuring and analysis methods Assessment of standards and acceptable tolerances Interpretation of test results... 

A pharmacopoeial reference substance is intended for the determination of the main component of a substance or for the active ingredient of a pharmaceutical formulation which is usually present at a high proportion of the total. The reference substance is to be used as a primary standard in a specific method validated as prescribed in the ICH Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedure Methodology" (Technical Guide for the Elaboration of Monographs 1996 ICH Guideline 1997). the reproducibility of which is known. This is taken into account when the limits of acceptance (tolerance) for the substance or product are fixed (Daas and Miller 1997,1998). 

However, x2 is only an approximation to the solution, as Equation 3.7 is only an approximation. Hence, the application of Equation 3.8 must be repeated such that xi in Equation 3.8 is replaced by the new approximation (x2). Solving Equation 3.8 again provides the next approximation x3, and so on. Equation 3.8 is applied repeatedly until successive new approximations to the solution change by less than an acceptable tolerance. However, in a singlevariable optimization, rather than solving Equation 3.6, the... 

The acceptable tolerance level of chlorpyrifos in meat and meat by-products destined for human consumption is 2.0 mg/kg fresh weight (Byford et al. 1986), and for agriculture products it usually ranges between 0.05 and 15.0 mg/kg FW and up to 25.0 mg/kg for citrus oil (USPHS 1995). The significance of these concentrations to animal health, or to consumers other than man, is unknown. More research is needed to establish maximum tolerable chlorpyrifos limits in tissues of sensitive fish and wildlife. Proposed air criteria for chlorpyrifos and human health include 200 pg/m3 in the workplace, and much lower concentrations of 0.48 to 3.3 pg/m3 in nonoccupational settings (USPHS 1995). No air criteria are currently available or proposed for protection of wildlife. 

We believe that only large scale simulation studies can truly advance the discipline by helping us establish acceptable tolerance intervals. However, individual (parallel) simulations such as those just described can also be useful. These simulations can serve as suitability tests that is, they can tell the researcher whether a particular research data set can, in principle, answer the questions of interest. In other words, if taxonic and dimensional data are generated to simulate the research data and the researcher finds few differences between the simulated sets (e.g., they yielded the same number of taxonic plots), then there is little sense in analyzing the research data because it is unlikely to give a clear answer. With suitability testing, a modest simulation study (e.g., 20 taxonic and 20 continuous data sets) is preferred to individual simulations because it would yield clearer and more reliable results. 

It is usually convenient to identify the angles of the 10 most intense scattering peaks in a powder pattern, and to then list the accepted tolerance ranges of these based on the diffractometer used for the determinations. Such a representation has been developed for data obtained for racemic mandelic acid, and for its separated (S)-enantiomer, using a diffractometer system whose precision was known to be +0.15 degrees 26 [30]. The criteria are shown in Table 7.9, the form of which enables the ready identification of a mandelic acid sample as being either racemic or enantiomerically pure. It should be noted that the powder pattern of the separated (i )-enantiomer would necessarily have to be identical to that of the separated (S)-enantiomer. 

For threshold effects, traditionally, a level of exposure below which it is believed that there are no adverse effects estimated, based on an approximation of the threshold termed the No-Observed-(Adverse)-Effect Level (NO(A)EL) and assessment factors this is addressed in detail in Chapter 5. This estimated level of exposure will in this book be termed tolerable exposure level. Examples, where this approach is used, include establishment of the Acceptable/Tolerable... 

Acceptable/Tolerable Daily Intake is Estimated maximum amount of an agent, expressed on a body mass basis, to which an individual in a (sub) population may be exposed daily over its lifetime without appreciable health risk. ... 

Related terms Acceptable/Tolerable Daily Intake. 

Renwick (1995) discussed the possible rationale for the use of an additional safety factor for nature of toxicity in the estimation of Acceptable/Tolerable Daily Intake (ADI/TDI) values, including a survey of the historical use of such a factor. He concluded that the principal rationale for an additional factor for nature of toxicity is to provide a greater degree of separation of the ADI/TDI from the NOAEL observed in animal studies. In scientific terms, it was recognized that there are a number of uncertainties in extrapolating from high-dose animal studies to sensitive... 

The outcome of low-dose extrapolation is the resulting lifetime cancer risk associated with estimated exposure for a particular population. An acceptable/tolerable lifetime cancer risk is often used as a reference value to compare with the estimated hfetime cancer risk. The important question is thus Which lifetime cancer risk is acceptable/tolerable ... 

There are no regulations, neither nationally nor internationally, governing acceptable/tolerable lifetime cancer risks as this decision is a policy issue. The acceptable/tolerable lifetime cancer risk may therefore vary from one authority to another and might be dependent on the target population as well as on policy issues such as social, economic, and political factors. As an administrative practice, an acceptable/tolerable lifetime cancer risk has often been set as 10 , i.e., at one additional cancer case per million exposed persons. 

Guidance values are developed from a standard such as, e.g., an Acceptable/Tolerable Daily Intake (ADI/TDI), and Reference Dose/Concentration (RfD/RfC). For threshold effects, the standard is derived by dividing the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL), or alternatively a Benchmark Dose (BMD) for the critical effect (s) by an overall assessment factor, described in detail in Chapter 5. For non-threshold effects, the standard is derived by a quantitative assessment, described in detail in Chapter 6. 

For critical process control parameters specified by fixed points, the value ought to be challenged within an acceptable tolerance, typically 1 unit. 

The first assumption was that by taking psychedelic drugs, subjects were rendered less depressed, anxious, guilty, and angry, and more self-accepting, tolerant, deeply religious, and sensually alert. In other words, subjects were not only made more amenable to psychotherapy, but were... 

Problems concerning the acceptance (tolerance) of color differences (e.g., in production quality control or in computer color matching) should also be solved by mathematical statistics [1.16]. 

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