Rainbow trout, bioaccumulation

Little information on effects of DOSS on marine organisms are available [114-116]. A recently published paper deals with an intensive study of toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and elimination of DOSS in rainbow trout. The LCjq was determined to be 28 mg/L [116]. A very similar value was found for golden ide [117]. 

Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele R (2004) Toxic effects of non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I. Histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Aquat Toxicol 68 141-150... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Very little information on the food chain bioaccumulation of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids is available. It is known that some organisms bioconcentrate components of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids (values are 133-2,807 for rainbow trout and 596-928 for fathead minnows) (Lombardo and Egry 1979 Mayer et al. 1981 Muir et al. 1983a Veith et al. 1979). Given the concerns over the toxicity of this class of hydraulic fluids, further research on this topic would be useful. 

There is some discussion of how bioavailable and bioaccumulative BDE-209 is. Moreover, there is still a concern that BDE-209 may debrominate in the environment to form less-brominated BDE congeners which are more bioavailable than BDE-209 itself. A preliminary study on uptake and debromination of BDE-209 in caged rainbow trout following dietary exposure [9] showed a slow but measurable uptake of BDE-209 and the presence of lower brominated PBDEs. BDE-209 has been found generally linked to sediments, but some recent studies also reported low levels of this compound in aquatic biota samples from some locations in Europe [10-12] and from Japan [13]. 

Ponce, R.A. and N.S. Bloom. 1991. Effect of pH on the bioaccumulation of low level, dissolved methylmercury by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Water Air Soil Pollut. 56 631-640. 

Table 2 includes an example of bioaccumulation, as described by Larsson et al. [48], where estrogen concentrations 4 to 6 orders of magnitude higher than those in water were found in the bile of a rainbow trout caged downstream of WWTPs. 

The bioaccumulation ratio of fenitrothion (concentration in fish on test day/average concentration in water during test day) in rainbow trout and minnows was calculated. This revealed that bioaccumulation ratio did not increase on longer exposure and that the ratio was more or less independent of the fenitrothion concentration in water. The ratio was not so different between the two fish species, being approximately 250, 230 and 200 (at its maximum) in underyearling trout, yearling trout and minnow, respectively. 

In contrast, 0.01 ppm DDT in water was rapidly absorbed and accumulated by yearling rainbow trout, the bioaccumulation ratio of total DDT as sum of DDT, DDE and TDE being 2700 after 14 days. The highest content was encountered in intestine (76.8 ppm), followed by stomach (46.0 ppm) and pyloric caeca (29.8 ppm). 

Figure 2. Bioaccumulation of Aroclor 1254 in rainbow trout. The fish were fed 15 ppm of Aroclor 1254 for 32 weeks. All points are mean values (24).

Anderson, D.R. and Lusty, E.B. Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of chloroform to four species of freshwater fish Salmo gairdneri, rainbow trout Lepomis machrochirus, bluegill Micropterus salmoides, largemouth bass Ictalurus punctatus, channel catfish, prepared by Pacific Northwest Laboratory PNL-3046, for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cotmnission,... 

Dichlorobenzene is expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. The high octanol-water partition coefficient (K, ) value of 2,455 (Leo et al. 1971) also suggests that 1,4-dichlorobenzene has a moderate to high potential for bioaccumulation. A calculated bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 267 was reported for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (ASTER 1995). Measured mean BCF values of 370 and 720 were experimentally determined for rainbow trout exposed to water concentrations of... 

Bioaccumulatlon of some pesticides (fenitrothion, aminocarb, permethrin) with real or potential application in forestry in Canada has been examined in laboratory experiments using larval rainbow trout and common duckweed. Bioaccumulation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, fluorene, has also been examined since some commercial formulations employ hydrocarbon solvents. Laboratory exposures of fish or plants were carried out by placing the organisms in dilute aqueous solutions of C labelled pesticide or hydrocarbon, and by measuring transfer of radioactivity from water to fish or plants. After transfer of fish or plants to untreated water, loss of radioactivity was measured similarly. These measures allowed calculation of uptake and depuration rate constants which were used to predict residue accumulations under various exposure conditions. Predicted residue accumulations agreed substantially with other predictive equations in the literature and with reported field observations. 

Bioaccumulation studies of PFSAs ( = 6 and 8) and PFCAs ( = 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been conducted by Martin et al. [83, 84] (Table 3.2). These studies indicated that dietary exposure to PFSAs and PFCAs did not result in biomagnification. Bioaccumulation was observed for PFSAs and PFCAs consisting of more than six and seven carbon atoms respectively. The laboratory-based bioconcentration factor (log BCF) for PFOS was 3.04 L/kg and ranged from 0.602 to 4.36 L/kg for the PFCAs. Log BCFs were observed to increase with increasing length of the perfluoroalkyl tail and for the PFCAs increased by a factor of approximately 8 for each additional CF2 moiety for PFCAs ( = 8 to 12), but deviated from linearity for PFTetA. In addition, PFSAs were more bioaccumulative than PFCAs. 

Law, K. Palace, V.P HaUdorson, T. DaneU, R. Wautier, K. Evans, B. Alaee, M. Marvin, C. Tomy, G.T., Dietary accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in juvenile rainbow trout Onocrhynchm mykiss) I Bioaccumulation parameters and evidence of bioisomerization Environ. Toxicol Chem. 2006, 25, 1757-1761. 

Konwick, B.J. Garrison, A.W. Black, M.C. Avants, J.K. Eisk, A.T, Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and metabolite formation of fipronil and chiral legacy pesticides in rainbow trout Environ Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2930-2936. 

The bioaccumulation factors were determined by Oliver and Niimi [251] in rainbow trout using a flow-through test. 

Poston TM. 1982. The bioaccumulation potential of thorium and uranium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bull Environ Cont Toxicol 28 682-690. 

The metabolism of PCDEs in fish has not been studied much, but apparently the metabolism in fish is low and similar to that of PCBs. Hydroxy-PCDEs were not detected in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to tri- and tetraCDEs [63]. Low metabolism and slow excretion leads to persistence and bioaccumulation. According to a study of Zitko and Carson [109], tri- through pentaCDEs are somewhat more persistent in fish than the corresponding PCBs. The excretion half-lives of one trichloro (PCDE 28 2,4,4 -), one tetrachloro (PCDE 66 2,3, 4,4 -) and one pentachloro (PCDE 99 2,2, 4,4, 5-) were 15,55, and 55 days in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), respectively. Half-lives of PCDEs were near to those of PCBs. The depuration half-lives of mono- through tetraCDEs have varied from 4 to 63 days in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) [83] and those of tri- through decachlorinated PCDEs between 46 and 100 days in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) [110]. 

Muir, D.C.G., Grift, N.P, Blouw, A.P., Lockhart, W.L. (1980) Environmental dynamics of phosphate esters. I. Uptake and bioaccumulation of triphenyl phosphate by rainbow trout. Chemosphere 9, 525-532. 

Goodrich, M.S., Melancon, M.J., Davis, R.A., Lech J.J. 1991. The toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and elimination of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate DSS in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) Water Res. 25 119-124... 

The toxicity of chlordane for fish and fresh water invertebrates is high. Bioaccumulation is a significant factor for chlordane. It has been estimated that bioaccumulation factors for chlordane are in excess of 3000 times background water concentration. The LC50 (96 h) for chlordane in bluegill is 0.057-0.075 mg 1 and 0.042-0.090 mg 1 in rainbow trout. 

Fluometuron essentially is nontoxic to birds and bees. The LC50 is 30mgl in rainbow trout, 48mgl in bluegill sunfish, 170mgl in carp, and 55mgl in catfish. There is low potential for bioaccumulation. 

Quintozene appears to be moderately bioaccumulated in aquatic animals and plants. The toxicity of quintozene for aquatic organisms depends on the species tested. The LC50 values in rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish were reported to be 0.55 and 0.1mgl , respectively. On the other hand, a 48h LC50 value of 10 mg 1 for carp and a 3 h LC50 value of 40 mg 1 for Daphnia have been reported. Quintozene is practically nontoxic to birds and no information is available for bees. Quintozene has a significant effect on earthworm reproduction and survival. 

Ecological impact not determined. Similar compounds show low to moderate biodegradability, but rapid hydrolysis under acidic conditions. Similar compounds are also determined to have low bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence 96 Flour LC50 0.23 mg/L [Rainbow Trout], 0.40 mg/L [Bluegill Sunfish], 0.26 mg/L [Fathead Minnow], 48 Hr EC50 0.44 mg/L [Daphnia Magna],... 

Acute Fish Toxicity (LC50 96 Hr) 32 mg/L [Rainbow Trout], 182 mg/L [Bluegill Sunfish], 0.28 mg/L [Fathead Minnow], Bioaccumulation, potential, 5.34 log Pow. This product rapidly degrades via hydrolysis up to 97% after 24 hours at pH 7.0 25°C. Tests indicate this material will not bioaccumulate or persist in the environment. 

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