Bioaccumulation factors

Biomagnification along terrestrial food chains is principally due to bioaccumulation from food, the principal source of most pollutants (Walker 1990b). In a few instances, the major route of uptake may be from air, from contact with contaminated surfaces, or from drinking water. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of a chemical is given by the following equation ... 

Bioaccumulation factor (BF) of herring gull (Lams argentatus) eggs/Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) relative to PCB no 153 (Norstrom 1988). 

Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) Concentration of a chemical in an animal, or concentration of the same chemical in its food. 

TEST allows for estimates of the value for several toxicity endpoints [29] 96 h Fathead minnow LC50, 48 h Daphnia magna LC50, 48 h Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50, Oral rat LD50, bioaccumulation factor, developmental toxicity, and Ames mutagenicity. TEST also estimates several physical properties... 

The reader is advised to consult the original reference when using these values of bioconcentration factors (BCF), bioaccumulation factors (BAF), KoC and K0M, to ensure that conditions are as close as possible to those of specific interest. 

Bioaccumulation factors for fenvalerate by representative freshwater and estuarine organisms during exposure for 28 to 30 days to various sublethal doses ranged from 40 to 570 for fish, 356 to 4700 for invertebrates, and 477 to 933 for algae (Smith and Stratton 1986). Because of its unusually high lipophilicity, fenvalerate is accumulated at only 30% efficiency by aquatic fauna, and uptake is not dose dependent (Coats et al. 1989). Contamination of algal food of daphnids with fenvalerate does not seem to contribute to an increase in whole-body burdens, although reduced filtration rates... 

Survival 86% of embryos and fry after exposure for 30 days bioaccumulation factor of 315 LC50 (96 h) for juveniles All fry dead within 96 h of hatch Normal hatch on day 7 of exposure... 

To indicate the transfer of chemicals in a biogeochemical food web, both bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are used. The following definitions can be applied (de Vries and Bakker, 1998a, 1998b) ... 

Thus it can be seen that the mean concentration of DAS1 plus DSBP (pg kgy 1) in sediments is some 16000 times greater than it is in the overlying water layer. In the case of BLS this factor exceeds 250000. Similar large factors have been observed in the case of chlorinated insecticides in river waters i.e. bioaccumulation factors of the order of 104. 

Another entry point for accumulation of organic in animal tissue and animal food products is direct ingestion of contaminated soil by grazing animals [44]. The compounds of main concern are the halogenated aromatics, including PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, PCDDs and PCDFs, which are resistant to metabolization and tend to accumulate in animal fat. The bioaccumulation factor (the ratio of the concentration of animal tissue or produce to the concentration in the diet) can be as high as 5-6 [43]. Compounds such as PAHs and phthalate esters are readily metabolised and excreted by the animals and thus do not accumulate in animal tissue or products. 

Aroclor Bioaccumulation Factor (range of Individual fish)... 

The flesh remaining after removal of the organs listed in Table III also contained very low 1I C residues. In general, accumulation of molinate in carp was extremely low as compared with DDT which has been reported to have a fish bioaccumulation factor of... 

Diphenhydramine, diltiazem, carbamazepine and norfluoxetine have been reported simultaneously in the same wild fish [107]. Moreover, diclofenac was found accumulating in vultures [119], fluoxetine, sertraline and the SSRl metabolites norfluoxetine and desmethylsertraUne were detected in fish [120]. Diclofenac bioaccumulation factors were 10-2,700 in the liver of fish and 5-1,000 in the kidney, depending on exposure concentrations [40, 121]. Gemfibrozil occurred in blood plasma of goldfish after exposure over 14 days at 113 times higher levels than in water [40]. 

Potential for bioaccumulation Due to their high Log values and high fat blood partition coefficient, the cyclic siloxanes are likely to be stored into the lipid tissue. However, bioaccumulation is not dependent just on the lipophilicity of the compound, but also in how fast it leaves the contaminated organism. Other indicators of bioaccumulation are the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Values over 5,000 are usually characteristic for the bioaccumulative compounds. D4 has a BCF of 12,400 L/kg [293], D5 of 7,060 L/kg [279], and D6 of 1,160 L/kg [280], values calculated for fish. 

Bioaccumulation is generally referred to as a process in which the chemical concentration in an organism achieves a level that exceeds that in the respiratory medium (e.g., water for a fish or air for a mammal), the diet, or both. The extent to which chemicals bioaccumulate is expressed by several quantities, including the bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biomagnification factor (BMF), and trophic or food web magnification factor (TMF) [6]. The ecological, biological and chemical parameters involved in the transfer and accumulation of contaminants in food webs are complex. 

Figure 6 Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for the NOEC of specific dioxin-induced effects in vertebrate species translated into sediment levels (mg/kg dry weight) by applying estimated bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors...

Meylan, W., Howard, P. and Boefhling, R. (1999) Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18 (4), 664—672. 

Illustrative Example 10.2 Estimating Equilibrium Bioaccumulation Factors from Water... 

Illustrative Example 10.3 Estimating Equilibrium Bioaccumulation Factors from Air... 

Hence, the estimated K,Uo values are about 2.6 and 12 times higher than the actual measured bioaccumulation factors. The result for PCB 180 appears substantially outside expected estimation errors. If all of the discrepancies were due to the speciation of the compounds in the culture media [and not because of kinetic effects or due to the large size of the molecules (see Fig. 10.4a)], this would mean that the fraction in truly dissolved form fiv/ (see Chapter 9, Illustrative Example 9.5) would have to be 0.39 (1/2.6) for PCB52 and 0.086 (1/12) for PCB180. From these values and the DOC concentration given in the problem statement, calculate the KiDOC values that would be required for the two compounds (see Illustrative Example 9.5, Eq. 1) ... 

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