Quality control measures

Bond-strength testing includes a direct puU-off test based on ASTM D4541-09-1 that is used to test the bond between the cured CFRP laminas and between the laminate and the concrete substrate at representative locations. Surface-preparation bond-strength tests may be performed on small areas of adjacent pipes prepared similarly to the repair pipe, and on the repair pipe. 

The CFRP installer should provide for inspection hold points to allow inspection of the workmanship of in-process constmction. Inspection hold points are critical breaks in activities to inspect the workmanship of in-process construction. It should be noted that the hold point inspections do not relieve the owner s inspector from performing continuous in-process inspections during construction activities. The owner s inspector (design engineer) should anticipate the timing of the hold points and be on site for inspection. Delays in activities may impact the quality of the work. The owner s inspector s approval of the work as satisfactory at the hold points should be a requirement for the constmction work to proceed. The owner s inspector should also document the inspection at the hold point and his or her approval. 

The owner s inspector should examine the surface for cleanliness after the pipe segment(s) have been cleaned and the surface has been broom cleaned, vacuumed, or otherwise rendered free of dust, debris, and moisture. 

The owner s inspector inspects the concrete inner core and steel substrate to which CFRP will be adhered after the surfaces have been prepared in order to establish that the surface profile conforms to the project specification and Section. 3.5.2, and that the prepared surface extends beyond the limits of constmction for the pipe segment(s) being strengthened. To ensure a high-quality installation, surface preparation should continue until the requirements for surfaces have been met. 

The owner s inspector verifies that the carbon fiber is being saturated in accordance with manufacturer s technical data. The inspector should witness the quality control procedure of verifying the resin-to-fabric ratio and document the results in the project inspection log. 

---

Process automation implies the real time acquisition and control of process variables such as temperature, agitation, material delivery, or quality control measurements. As far as the MARS system is concerned, a real time process is just like any instrument. The acquisition module merely requires more interactive monitoring, alarms, and control. This can be accomplished by means of a real time multi-tasking data acquisition module. 

ISO Guide 33 (1998) deals with other uses of RMs. It elaborates on various uses of RMs, excluding calibration, which is the subject of ISO Guide 32. In most cases, RMs are used as a quality control measure, i.e. to assess the performance of a measurement method. Most matrix RMs are produced with this purpose in mind. Other purposes of RMs are the maintenance of conventional scales, such as the octane number and the pH scale. ISO Guide 33 provides guidance on the proper use of RMs, and therefore it is together with ISO Guide 32 the most important document for users of CRMs. 

By now, it should be clear what role RMs play in measurement science. This puts great responsibility on the producers of RMs, as they must see how to satisfy the requirements set impHcitly or explicitly by the users regarding matrix, parameters, uncertainty, and traceability. Laboratories use RMs often as a quality control measure, but it this obviously only vahd if the RM is produced under proper conditions. 

One disadvantage of soft gelatin capsules is that such products often must be contracted out to a limited number of firms having the necessary filling equipment and expertise. Materials must be shipped to the soft gelatin capsule facility, and products must be shipped back to the pharmaceutical manufacturer for final packaging and distribution. Additional quality control measures may be required. 

With respect to method application, once validation has been satisfactorily completed, there is little question that use of the analytical method in worker safety and re-entry studies falls under the full requirements of the GLP Standards. In addition, there should be an adequate level of quality control measurements taken in conjunction with the specimens so as to provide for a meaningful assessment of accuracy and precision, as well as verification of freedom from artifactual interferences. Along with these measurements there needs to be reasonably rigid data acceptance criteria in place (usually established during validation) which are consistently applied during the course of the specimen analytical phase of the study. 

In both research and practice, critical localised concentrations of metal contamination can be difficult to detect. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) (10.80) gives an intense deep blue coloration with iron(III), permitting extremely sensitive detection of tiny iron spots even by visual inspection. It is recommended as a quality control measure on batches of cotton destined for bleaching [237]. However, in view of the random distribution of metal traces, even the most sensitive test cannot guarantee freedom from contamination throughout a batch of goods to be bleached. 

It is important that personnel understand how to achieve safe operation, but not at the exclusion of other important considerations, such as reliability, operability, and maintainability. The chemical industry has also found significant benefit to plant productivity and operability when SIS work processes are used to design and manage other instrumented protective systems (IPS), such as those mitigating potential economic and business losses. The CCPS book (2007) Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems discusses the activities and quality control measures necessary to achieve safe and reliable operation throughout the IPS lifecycle. 

By following the above recommendations laboratories would introduce internal quality control measures which are an essential aspect of ensuring that data... 

It has now been established beyond any reasonable doubt that quality of a drug product cannot simply be ensured by inspection or analysis, but a control system has to be built into, from the very beginning of manufacture of a drug. Besides effective quality control measures exercised in every aspects of production including environment, screening of raw materials, process controls, intermediate shelf-life of finished products the most important aspect is to assess the bioavailability of the active principle. 

Note that a choice of pH 6.8 test conditions for quality control assures that at least one of these three criteria will be met by the product, thus harmonizing quality control measures with biopharmaceutical tests for bioequivalence. 

Modern C3 materials for automotive applications, such as components of the car body, are synthesized according to the flow scheme of Fig. 9.2. Here an integrated synthesis of both filler and binder components is taken as a cost-effective approach. In high-tech applications it is more customary to independently optimize the preparation of the fiber component [15,19, 20, 36, 37] and then the C3 synthesis in separate processes with extensive quality control measures in-between. 

DeVita and Crunkilton (1998) have examined QC associated with the use of SPMDs. The results of their study demonstrated that quality control measures applied to SPMD analysis met or surpassed conventional guidelines (EPA Method 610 for PAHs in water was used for this comparison) for precision and accuracy. This elevated level of data quality was achieved even though measurements of both overall precision and accuracy of SPMD data encompassed more steps (each with the potential for variability) than the conventional method. In summary, DeVita and Crunkilton (1998) found that QC measures could be used to validate data from the analysis of SPMDs used in the field. In view of the state of SPMD QC, it appears that the SPMD approach for monitoring hydrophobic organic contaminants is equivalent to some EPA-approved methods. 

Cement manufacturers use a number of quality control measures. Key among these is careful selection of fuels for recycling. Fuels that contain metals above specified levels, for instance, will be rejected. For that reason, each shipment of fuel is carefully analyzed to determine its ingredients. If the fuel fails to meet predetermined specifications, it will not be used. 

The second example originates from the constraction business. Because of inadequate quality control measurements on the construction materials the whole project was considerably delayed and the total cost, which was originally estimated as 900 million US dollars, exceeded 1 billion US dollars. 

There is no general answer to these questions except that the quality control measures have to be fit for the purpose of the analyses. 

Why should a laboratory participate in PT schemes First there is the possibility to uncover errors that couldn t be found with other quality control measures and second a successful participation can be used as a certificate of competence for clients, authorities and accreditation bodies. 

The approximate cost for shallow soil mixing/thermaUy enhanced vapor extraction technology range from 60 to 100/yd of soils treated. Costs and applications of this technology are site specific. This cost may be reduced given the desired level of testing and quality assurance/quality control measures required (D13379J, p. 28). 

Rotational viscometers often were not considered for highly accurate measurements because of problems with gap and end effects. However, corrections can be made, and very accurate measurements are possible. Operating under steady-state conditions, they can closely approximate industrial process conditions such as stirring, dispersing, pumping, and metering. They are widely used for routine evaluations and quality control measurements. The commercial instruments are effective over a wide range of viscosities and shear rates (Table 7). 

EP-4 developed by ERDL is a very flexible polyester based on polyethylene glycol with molecular weight-200 (PEG-200), isophthalic acid (IPA) and maleic anhydride (MAn). Before its use, it is blended with styrene monomer (1 1) and cured at room temperature using cobalt naphthenate (as an accelerator) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) peroxide (as a catalyst). This meets the requirements of the main inhibitor and is used for inhibition of DB and CMDB propellants after the application of a barrier coat (generally a rigid polyester such as PR-3). However, it is observed during manufacture of EP-4 that there is a lot of batch-to-batch variation in properties in spite of the strict quality control measures adopted during its manufacture. 

Quality control measures, necessary data collection, monitoring, and appropriate controls for the product and process... 

Nonconformance arises when any aspect of the work of a laboratory does not conform to its procedures, to the standard, or the agreed-upon requirements of the customer. These are detected by customer complaints, internal quality control measures, management audits and reviews, and by observations of staff. They must be dealt with under the appropriate part of the management system and fully investigated and reported. 

In addition to providing data to show that a proposed container closure system is suitable for its intended use, an application should also describe the quality control measures that will be used to ensure consistency in the packaging components. These controls are intended to limit unintended postapproval variations in the manufacturing procedures or the materials of construction for a packaging component and to prevent adverse elfects on the quality of a dosage form. 

Each manufacturer of a packaging component sold to a drug product manufacturer should provide a description of the quality control measures used to maintain consistency in the physical and chemical characteristics of the component. These measures generally include release criteria (and test methods, if appropriate) and a description of the manufacturing procedure. If the release of the packaging component is based on statistical process control, a complete description of the process (including control criteria) and its validation should be provided. 

The manufacturer of each material of construction should be prepared to describe the quality control measures used to maintain consistency in the chemical characteristics of their product. This information may be provided via a DMF. 

Performance test samples (also called quality control samples or blind samples) are a quality control measure to help eliminate bias introduced by the analyst knowing the concentration of the calibration check sample. These samples of known composition are provided to the analyst as unknowns. Results are then compared with the known values, usually by a quality assurance manager. 

Of the three worldwide manufacturers of poly(ethylene oxide) resins, Union Carbide Corp. offers the broadest range of products. The primary quality control measure for these resins is the concentrated aqueous solution viscosity, which is related to molecular weight. Specifications for Polyox are summarized in Table 4. Additional product specifications frequendy include moisture content, particle size distribution, and residual catalyst by-product level. 

The change of mass is sometimes used as a slightly quicker alternative to volume change as a quality control measure and is simply obtained by weighings in air only. 

Pearson, R.M. and Adams, J.Q. 1990. Automatic use of small nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers for quality control measurements. In NMR Applications in Biopolymers (J.W. Finley, S.J. Schmidt, and A.E. Serianni, eds.) pp. 499-509. Plenum Press, New York. 

Basic Protocols 3 through 9 are primarily useful as quality control measures. They are rapid, usually within 30 min, given reagent preparation. The results are used to monitor the quality of a process. These results support established values for high quality citrus oil. Basic Protocols 1 and 2 are more involved and are better suited for research purposes. The equipment is more sensitive and also more expensive. Furthermore, the strength of the GC analysis can be enhanced by the addition of a mass spectrometer to identify either contaminates or unknown compounds present in a sample. 

---