Measurement science

P. G. Dargie, S. T. Hughes. A thick-film capacitive differential pressure transducer. Measurement Science and Technology, 5, 1994, pp. 1216-1220. 

D. Manoli, E. Sardini, A. Taroni. High-accuracy measurement techniques for capacitance tran.sducet.s. Measurement Science and Technology, 4, 1993, pp. 337-343. 

Z. Yue, T. G. Malmstrora. A simple method fot low-speed hot-wire anemometer calibration. Measurement Science and Technology, 9, 1998, pp. 1506-1510. 

Arkin, A., Slien, P., and Ross, J., 1997. A test case of correlation metric construction of a reaction pathway from measurements. Science 277 1275-1279. 

By now, it should be clear what role RMs play in measurement science. This puts great responsibility on the producers of RMs, as they must see how to satisfy the requirements set impHcitly or explicitly by the users regarding matrix, parameters, uncertainty, and traceability. Laboratories use RMs often as a quality control measure, but it this obviously only vahd if the RM is produced under proper conditions. 

This book appears at a moment when one of the major developments of the last century in analytical chemistry, measurement science, is coming to its full maturity. The past hundred years have shown an enormous expansion in measurement activities what is measured, the purpose of the measurements, the use of measured data, and the demands placed upon these data. From the initial, almost exclusive, use of chemical reactions to make measurement the field became wider. Introducing physical and biological reactions and sensors has enormously extended the scope of analytical chemistry. 

This book marks the conclusion of this strong period of development and is therefore a milestone in measurement science. As such, the field already has a history. But as history makes no sense without a future, the last Chapter of this book deals with expected further developments in terms of organization and needs. Between history and future the book presents, as a snap shot, the application of standards in analytical chemistry. The perspective of Quality Assurance is never forgotten. 

In measurement sciences, calibration is an operation that establish a relationship between an output quantity, qouU with an input quantity, q m for a measuring system under specified conditions (qin qout) The result of calibration is a model that may have the form of a conversion factor, a mathematical equation, or a graph. By means of this model, then it is possible to estimate q -values from measured q0Ut-values (qout qin) as can be seen in an abstracted form in Fig. 6.1. 

As a measuring science, analytical chemistry has to guarantee the quality of its results. Each kind of measurement is objectively affected by uncertainties which can be composed of random scattering and systematic deviations. Therefore, the measured results have to be characterized with regard to their quality, namely both the precision and accuracy and - if relevant - their information content (see Sect. 9.1). Also analytical procedures need characteristics that express their potential power regarding precision, accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, robustness, and detection limit. 

In analogy to other measuring sciences, also in analytical chemistry the... 

Busche S., Kasper M., Beige G., Dieterle F. and Gauglitz G., Quantification of binary mixtures of the freones R22 and R134a by surface plasmon resonance, Measurement Science and Technology, 2004 15 (3) 540. 

Chambers P., Austin E.A.D., Dakin J.P., Theoretical analysis of a methane gas detection system using the complementary source modulation of correlation spectroscopy, Measurement Science and Technology 2004 15 (8) 1629-1636. 

Ham M., Bartl J., Jacko V., Multispectral analysis of Cultural Heritage artefacts, Measurement Science Review, Volume 3, Section 3 (2003). 

M. Regert, N. Gamier, O. Decavallas, C. Cren Olive and C. Rolando, Structural characterization of lipid constituents from natural substances preserved in archaeological environments, Measurement Science and Technology, 14, 1620 1630 (2003a). 

Nearly every area of measurement science can boast of progress in measuring ever-smaller quantities of chemicals, but several stand out in their stunning trace-analysis capabilities. Trace-metal analysis has come to be dominated by methods that volatilize the sample and then either measure its spectroscopic emission or absorption, or measure the masses of the gaseous metal ions using mass spectrometry. Volatilization is accomplished by various thermal means that include flames, furnaces, and inductively coupled or microwave plasmas. The com-... 

Urgent expansion is needed for activities in the measurement sciences to achieve a variety of goals ... 

Integrate measurement science into the fundamental intellectual core of graduate education and training for scientists and engineers. 

The characterization of simple nanostructures is now possible with remarkable detail, but is highly dependent on access to the tools of measurement science and to scanning probe microscopies. 

Glascock, M. D. and Neff, H. (2003). Neutron activation analysis and provenance research in archaeology. Measurement Science and Technology 14 1516-1526. 

A broadly accepted definition of process analytics is difficult to capture as the scope of the methodology has increased significantly over the course of its development. What was once a subcategory of analytical chemistry or measurement science has developed into a much broader system for process understanding and control. Historically, a general definition of process analytics could have been ... 

S. P. Oncley, and A. C. Delany, Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Measurements, Science, 260, 1472-1481 (1993). 

This excellent book is a well-timed event in a rapidly expanding area within chemistry and within the analytical/measurement community in chemistry. It comes at a time when there is growing pressure for many of us to become familiar with this new area and to speculate on the implicahons for our particular niche in chemical measurement science. 

Measurement science is one of the most active fields of chemistry today. Advances in microelectronics, computers, and sensing devices have accelerated the development of measurement instruments and techniques. Many of these innovations could be used for ocean measurements, although some of the new methods are not well known to ocean scientists. The use of new techniques of analytical chemistry for ocean science applications is impeded by limited interactions between ocean scientists and analytical chemists. Significant technical innovations will be required to make many of the new... 

Prinn, R.G. et al. (1995) Atmospheric trends and lifetime of trichloroethane and global average hydroxyl radical concentrations based on 1978 -1994 ALE/G AGE measurements. Science, 269,187. 

Van Dilla MA, Trujillo TT, Mullaney PF, Coulter JR (1969). Cell micro-fluorimetry A method for rapid fluorescence measurement. Science 163 1213-1214. 

Abstract By the definition of the mole as a base unit for amount-of-substance measures within the International System of Units (SI), chemists can make chemical measurements in full compliance with established metrological principles. Since the mole requires exact knowledge of the chemical entity, which is often neither available nor of practical relevance to the purpose of the measurement, the SI units of mass or length (for volume) are unavoidable in the expression of results of many chemical measurements. Science, technology, and trade depend upon a huge and ever increasing number and variety of chemical determinations to quantify material composition and quality. Thus, international harmonization in the assessments of processes, procedures, and results is highly desirable and clearly cost effective. The authors, with relevant experience and re-... 

The ratio measurement between the numbers of two entities establishes an amount-of-substance ratio that might satisfy the principal purpose of a chemical measurement. In measurement science, however, under the SI system, relative quantities do not fully satisfy the concepts. There remains an underlying requirement for all values to be individually traceable to the appropriate SI unit. For amounts of substance that unit is itself a number, the number of carbon-12 atoms of mass 0.012 kg. The magnitude of a given amount of substance, that is the numerical value of the SI quantity, is the number of defined entities divided by the SI unit number. It follows that equality of amount of substance is equality of the numbers of the two relevant entities. 

Unreliability of uncertainty estimates in chemistry has caused difficulties in following prescriptions of measurement science. The authors of this paper hope to add to the currently gaining consensus that trustworthy uncertainties are essential in modern science, tech-... 

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