Proteins endocrine dependence

Cavaggoni, A. Calcium regulation in cell biology. Bioscience Reports 9 (1989), 421M 36. Christakos, S., C. Gabrielides, and W. B. Rhoten. Functional considerations of vitamin-D dependent calcium binding proteins. Endocrine Rev. 10 (1989), 3-26. 

Initially the level of insulin decreases, favouring increased rates of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, muscle protein degradation, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It soon increases, however, as a result of insulin resistance, when the stimulation of the above processes will depend on the cytokine levels. For details of endocrine hormone effects, see Chapter 12. For details of cytokines see Chapter 17. 

Ataxia telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by neurologic, endocrine, and hepatic abnormalities, as well as a predisposition to malignancy (119). The defect has been traced to a gene on chromosome 11, the ATM gene that codes for a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein which is related to the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase. This protein has a role in signal transduction, DNA repair, and control of the cell cycle (120). Affected patients have a defect in cell-mediated immunity. A decrease in semm IgA is seen in a majority of affected patients. IgG2 or total IgG and IgE levels may be decreased, with an increase in IgM. Patients are susceptible to chronic respiratory... 

Reproductive development and function depend on endocrine communication throughout the mammalian life cycle. Protein and steroid hormones, growth factors and other signalling molecules affect gene expression and protein synthesis in target cells of different tissues. In particular, fetal development, development of the reproductive tract,... 

Dawson TM, Dawson VL (1996) Nitric oxide synthase role as a transmitter/mediator in the brain and endocrine system. Annu Rev Med 47 219-27 De Vente J, Asan E, Gambaryan S, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Axer H, Gallatz K, Lohmann SM, et al. (2001) Localization of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type II in rat brain. Neuroscience... 

Fig. 13. Characteristics of activation of a G protein-gated K+ channel as seen in endocrine (GH3) cells. Panel a, activation of the channel by 100 /u,M GTP-yS panel b, activation of the K+ channel by 2 nM GTP-activated Gk (Gk ) panel c, dependence of K+ channel activation by receptors (10 /u.M acetylcholine, ACh) on GTP (when present 100 /xM) panel d, sensitivity of GH, cell Gk to uncoupling by PTX, lack of effect of 2 nM GTP S-activated Gs (Gs ) and reconstitution of receptor (somatostatin, SST)-K channel coupling by exogenously added native Gk (2 nM) in the presence of 100 juM GTP (W, wash) panel e, effect of ak , i.c., ak-GTPyS resolved from fiy dimers, added at 0.5, 5 and 25 pM panel f, lack of effect of fiy dimers on K+ conductance of an ak responsive membrane. For rest of conditions see legend to Fig. 4 and Refs. 144, 145 and 232.

Direct immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic tissue has become very popular since the development of AR antibodies. However, a disadvantage of this technique in quantitative analysis is that the intensity of the immunohistochemical stain is dependent on the intactness of the structure of the AR. Therefore, mutations or alterations in the structure may reduce staining intensity (T5). Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies of AR content in relation to grade or stage of disease, as well as prediction of response to endocrine therapy, has been inconsistent. Nearly all primary prostate cancer specimens positively express AR protein, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis as well as by immunohistochemical analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary prostate tissues (D12, H14). In advanced-stage prostate cancer, immunohistochemical techniques has shown that metastases in bone, the... 

Endocrine Glands Calcium is known to be important in the secretion of insulin in vitamin D deficiency, there is impairment of secretion. Calbindin-D28k in the -islet cells of the pancreas is believed to be calcitriol dependent, unlike similar calcium binding proteins in other pancreatic cells that are constitutive proteins and independent of calcitriol. 

All natural hormones, all synthetic hormones, and many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) achieve their effects by binding to a receptor and/or hormone binding protein [108,109]. However, it should be noted that binding to the receptor is necessary, but not sufficient for activity. The activity of a hormone or EDC in an organism does not only depend on the binding behavior (strong or weak) of itself or a metabolite to the receptor but is affected by a variety of other factors [110] ... 

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