Proteins almonds

Several structurally different types of HNLs occur in nature, which likely originated hy convergent evolution from different ancestral proteins. The enzyme from almond (PaHNL) was first crystallized in 1994 and the structure was solved by multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion of a mercury derivative. The first 3D structure analysis of PaHNL was performed in 2001. ° (7 )-PaHNL from almond uses FAD as cofactor and is related to oxidoreductases it exhibits HNL activity only in the oxidized form of FAD." ... 

One of the fumigants used for this purpose is methyl bromide. Its residual eontent in the treated food material should not exeeed 50 ng per g. Most of the methyl bromide eseapes during subsequent aeration and storage, while part of it reaets with the food eomponents, predominantly proteins. Roasting of fumigated almonds and eoeoa beans brings about almost total elimination of free methyl bromide, partially due to inereased rate of reaction with the eomponents of the beans (Franz et ah, 1992). 

The mucus of the olfactory epithelimn contains odorant-hinding proteins that are specific to various odorants, such as anisole, camphor, benzalde-hyde (cherry-almond odor), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (green bell pepper odor), and 5o -androst-16-en-3-one (urine odor) (summarized by Leffingwell, 2001). 

If it is required to perform the determination by digestion and distillation, refer to Method 5.6b. Determination of organic plus ammonium-N by digestion and distillation, but use 2 g oven-dry plant sample ground to 1 mm. Also, for the calculation, multiply the sample titre minus blank titre by 0.35 to give the % N in the sample. Multiply the % N by 6.25 to get the % crude protein. This assumes there are 160 g N kg- plant protein. Traditional factors for other products are almonds, 5.18 brazil nuts and peanuts, 5.46 coconuts and tree nuts, 5.30 dairy products, 6.38 wheat, 5.7. Note about 20% of any nitrate present will be included. 

Legumin, from Pea. (Osborne and Clapp.) Amandin, from Almond. (Osborne and Clapp Osborne and Gilbert.) Glycinin, from SoyBean. (Osborne and Clapp.) Phaseolin, from White Kidney Bean. (Cisborne and Clapp.) Protein of Maize. (Osborne and Clapp.)... 

Jansen, R. Woker, M. R. Kula, Purification and protein characterization of hydroxynitrile lyase from Sorghum and Almond. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1992, 15, 90-99. 

It may be possible to use the sugar in almond hulls for ethanol production, while leaving the protein for use by animals. Research and investments may be required to develop a suitable production process and some time and effort may be required for market development. We recommend further study of the potential use of almond hulls for ethanol production in California. 

The market price of whey used as animal feed is 340/1 (7). As with almond hulls, it may be possible to utilize the sugar in whey for ethanol production, while enabling the protein in the byproduct to be used for animal feed. Hence, the net feedstock cost of whey in ethanol production may be less than 340/t of whey. Further research on the potential of expanding the use of whey as an ethanol feedstock would be helpful in evaluating the viability of this alternative. 

Recently, the enrichment of proteins by a combinatorial peptide library allowed demonstrating quite easily the presence or the absence of proteins, for instance, in almond s milk and orgeat syrup (65), in coconut milk (66), in a cola drink (67), in ginger ale (68), and even in white wine vinegar that is not really a beverage (69) (see in the succeeding text). 

As a summary, in almond s milk, 137 unique protein species were found, whereas in the case of orgeat syrup (bitter almond extract), 13 proteins could be identified. Nevertheless, both deep proteome analyses could assess the genuineness of these products. This was not necessarily the case for cheap orgeat extracts sold in supermarkets, suggesting a possible production complemented with synthetic aromas. When present, proteins of this investigation could be easily visible by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after protein capture at pH 7.0 and 9.3 (65). 

In addition to the VolSurf treatment of the GRID fields, the information from the MIF can also be transformed to obtain a pharmacophoric type of representation, which is useful in the modeling of metabolic stability, cytochrome inhibition or even the direct study of the ADME related proteins (Fig. 10.3). The Almond software [17] transforms the MIF into a distance-based representation of the molecule interaction. These parameters describe the geometry of the interaction and QSAR models can be derived where the interaction with a protein is essential. Detailed information on these descriptors is presented elsewhere in this book. 

Numerous studies have shown safflower oil to be a good feed product for beef cattle (112-116), dairy cattle (117-119), poultry (120-123), and lamb (124—127), and is generally available at price levels that are similar to the lowest prices for alfalfa hay, grain screenings, almond huUs, and other low protein feeds. 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

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