Hulls almonds

Furfural is the starting material for the industrial production of almost all furan compounds and is industrially produced from a pentosan-rich biomass like corn cobs, oat hulls, almond husks, cottonseed hull bran, birch wood, bagasse and sunflower husks in large quantities (>200,000 mt/a). Several process improvements have been developed at pilot scale in recent years which lead to higher yields (up to 80%) due to reduced side reactions and improved product recovery [12,13]. 

Nougat paste serves as a soft or firm candy filling. It contains up to 2% water and roasted dehuUed filberts (hazelnuts) or roasted de-hulled almonds, finely ground in the presence of sugar and cocoa products. Cocoa products... 

Xyhtol is synthesized by reduction of D-xylose catalyticahy (40), electrolyticahy (41), and by sodium amalgam (42). D-Xylose is obtained by hydrolysis of xylan and other hemiceUulosic substances obtained from such sources as wood, com cobs (43), almond shells, hazelnuts, or oHve waste (44). Isolation of xylose is not necessary xyhtol results from hydrogenation of the solution obtained by acid hydrolysis of cottonseed hulls (45). 

Almond (nutmeat and hulls), ginned cottonseed, grape, peanut (vines, hay, nutmeat and hulls), soybean (forage, hay and seed), sugarcane, water, and soil Gas-chromatographic determination... 

Almond hulls, cotton seed, beans, hop vines, potatoes, sugar 0.5 17... 

We examine seven feedstocks with respect to supply, seasonality, price, and ethanol yield. In particular, we describe the price/t, the gallons of ethanol produced/t, and the feedstock cost/gal of ethanol. We examine both Midwestern corn and California-grown corn, because either crop might be used for ethanol production. In addition, the analysis for Midwestern corn provides a benchmark for comparison with corn and other feedstocks produced in California. Those alternatives include grapes, raisins, oranges, other tree fruit, almond hulls, and whey. 

We describe the potential ethanol yield from almond hulls and whey, but we do not consider these materials for use in the ethanol facility. The technology exists to process almond hulls and whey for ethanol, while retaining their value as animal feed, but that activity requires an additional capital investment that is beyond the scope of this study. 

It may be possible to use the sugar in almond hulls for ethanol production, while leaving the protein for use by animals. Research and investments may be required to develop a suitable production process and some time and effort may be required for market development. We recommend further study of the potential use of almond hulls for ethanol production in California. 

The market price of whey used as animal feed is 340/1 (7). As with almond hulls, it may be possible to utilize the sugar in whey for ethanol production, while enabling the protein in the byproduct to be used for animal feed. Hence, the net feedstock cost of whey in ethanol production may be less than 340/t of whey. Further research on the potential of expanding the use of whey as an ethanol feedstock would be helpful in evaluating the viability of this alternative. 

A. flavus propagules is from the environment, where they are disseminated by natural factors, such as wind and rain. Studies have shown that A. flavus invasion and aflatoxin development in almonds occur in the orchard following the natural splitting of the hull before harvest (12). Normally, the moisture content of... 

The very volatile fermentation components discussed above seem to be largely lost in the dry fig. The major component of the dried fig volatile oil is benzaldehyde. Other major components include the aliphatic acids octanolc and nonanoic acids. These acids were also major components of raisins and have aromas reminiscent of both raisins and dried figs. They had previously also been found as major components of dried almond hulls (7 ) which Is essentially also a dried fruit. The 2-hexy-3-methyl-malelc anhydride common to raisins and dried almond hulls (j4) was not detected in dried figs. 

Takeoka, G.R. and Dao, L.T., Antioxidant constituents of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] hulls, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 496-501, 2003. 

An effective and reliable extraction method is important for studies of phenolics. Different solvent extractions may provide different types of compounds due to their variable chemical nature and sensitivity toward extraction or hydrolysis methods. For instance, phenolic compounds extracted from almond skins and hulls with diethyl ether [2], methanol [7], ethyl acetate, and -butanol [8] may result in different yields and compositions of the extracts. 

Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Sineiro, J., and Nunez, M.J., Extraction of antioxidant phenolics from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus) and pine sawdust Pinus pinaster). Food Chem., 85, 267-273, 2004. 

Sang, S., Lapsley, K., Rosen, R.T., and Ho, C.-T., New prenylated benzoic acid and other constituents from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus Batsch), J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 607-609, 2002. 

Amico, V., Barresi, V., Condorelli, D., Spatafora, C., and Tringali, C., Antiproliferative terpenoids from almond hulls (Prunus dulcis) Identification and structure-activity relationships, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 810-814, 2006. 

Tricarboxylic acid cycle derivatives irans-Epoxysuccinic acid (D5) Blighting factor in almond leaves, formed after Rhizopus infection of the hulls, which causes overproduction of fumaric acid... 

Browne LT, Ogawa JM, Gashaira B (1977) Search continues for control of almond hull rot. Calif Agric 31 16-17... 

Hellendoorn EW, Noordhofif MN, Slagman J (1975) Enzymatic determination of the indigestible residue (dietary fibre) content of human food. J Sci Food Agric 26 1461-1468 Homedes JM, Roura E, Keim NL, Brown DL (1993) Almond hulls in Swiss diet reduce diet fat. Calif Agric 47 27-28... 

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