Protein immunologic differentiation

Immunologic Differentiation of Proteins. Immunology provides the basis for one of... 

Deehan, M., Harnett, M. and Harnett, W. (1997) A filarial nematode secreted product differentially modulates expression and activation of protein kinase C isoforms in B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 159, 6105-6111. 

Silk fibers or monolayers of silk proteins have a number of potential biomedical applications. Biocompatibility tests have been carried out with scaffolds of fibers or solubilized silk proteins from the silkworm Bombyx mori (for review see Ref. [38]). Some biocompatibility problems have been reported, but this was probably due to contamination with residual sericin. More recent studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core fibroin fibers show in vivo and in vivo biocompatibility that is comparable to other biomaterials, such as polyactic acid and collagen. Altmann et al. [39] showed that a silk-fiber matrix obtained from properly processed natural silkworm fibers is a suitable material for the attachment, expansion and differentiation of adult human progenitor bone marrow stromal cells. Also, the direct inflammatory potential of silkworm silk was studied using an in vitro system [40]. The authors claimed that their silk fibers were mostly immunologically inert in short and long term culture with murine macrophage cells. 

Molecular complexation is a precondition for receptor functions such as substrate selection, substrate transportation, isomeric differentiation, and stereoselective catalysis. Although the investigation of such functions with synthetically derived compounds is a relatively new development in chemistry, they are well known and extensively studied functions in the biological domain. Evolution, gene expression, cell division, DNA replication, protein synthesis, immunological response, hormonal control, ion transportation, and enzymic catalysis are only some of the many examples where molecular complexation is a prerequisite for observing a biological process. 

DDBJ—see EMBL DLS—dynamic light scattering DM—donkey s milk DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid DNCB—2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene DSC—differential scanning calorimetry DTH—delayed cellular hypersensitivity DXMS—deuterium exchange mass spectrometry EAACI—European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology EAR—early anaphylactic phase ECFA—eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis ECP—eosinophil cationic protein EDN—eosinophil-derived neurotoxin eHF—extensively hydrolyzed formula ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay... 

Peyers patches are covered by epithelial cells which can differentiate into M cells. M cells play an important role in the immunologic surveillance of the gut and are involved in specific functions like transport of particles, antigens, macromolecules. M cells seem to be involve in the absorption of intact proteins (Walker and Sanderson 1992). Peyers patches have been studied for uptake of macromolecules. Their proximal vicinity to immunocompetent cells is another hurdle for industrial use as a preferred uptake route (Daugherty and Mrsny 1999 Neutra 1998). M cells have been used to study uptake of lectins (for overview, see Daugherty and Mrsny 1999). However both cell types - Peyers patches and M cells - clearly are limited in their use as a preferred uptake route due to a small surface area they are covering and the limited capacity of absorbed molecules. 

Tanahashi et al. (1968) compared the immunological properties of bovine, water buffalo, ovine, caprine, porcine, guinea pig, and human a-lactalbumins by the method of Oudin. They found that the nonruminant a-lactalbumins do not react with antisera to the bovine protein. This is in accordance with our experience (K. Bell and H. A. McKenzie) using the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic methods. However, Sakar et al. (1971) found that while bovine, water buffalo, and caprine a-lactalbumins exhibit extensive cross-reaction in the Ouchterlony test, these ruminant a-lactalbumins may be differentiated quanti-... 

Ferredoxin-NADP" oxidoreductase is a flavoprotein bound to the membrane that can nevertheless be isolated as a water soluble homogeneous preparation [247]. The isolated enzyme has a molecular weight of 40000 and contains one mol of FAD per mol of apoprotein [248] its midpoint potential is -0.38 V at pH 7 [249]. The enzyme can also accept NAD" " as electron acceptor, but is very specific for ferredoxin as donor the formation of a 1 1 complex with this latter protein could be demonstrated by differential spectrophotometry [250]. Immunological studies have revealed the location of this flavoprotein on the stromal surface of the membrane, in the vicinity of the ATPase complexes and therefore predominantly on... 

Immunological memory, i.e., B cells and T cells that are poised for rapid antibody formation and antigen destruction, provides the molecular basis for the successful use of vaccines. In vaccination, the stimulation of B- and T-cell clones leads to formation of antibodies to the foreign proteins. Differentiation of some of the B cells that recognize the antigen into memory cells provides the mechanisms for resisting subsequent infections. 

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