Delayed cellular hypersensitivity

DDBJ—see EMBL DLS—dynamic light scattering DM—donkey s milk DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid DNCB—2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene DSC—differential scanning calorimetry DTH—delayed cellular hypersensitivity DXMS—deuterium exchange mass spectrometry EAACI—European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology EAR—early anaphylactic phase ECFA—eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis ECP—eosinophil cationic protein EDN—eosinophil-derived neurotoxin eHF—extensively hydrolyzed formula ELISA—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay... 

Barbaud AM, Bene MC, Schmutz JL, Ehlinger A, Weber M, Faure GC. Role of delayed cellular hypersensitivity and adhesion molecules in amoxicilhn-induced morbilliform rashes. Arch Dermatol 1997 133(4) 481-6. 

Chemicals and pharmaceuticals may be tested for their capacity to induce skin sensitization [49]. The potency of a xenobiotic or pharmaceutical compound to induce delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) or contact dermatitis (CD) may be tested in the so called local lymph node assay (LENA) in which the induction of an immune response in lymph nodes is determined after local (skin) exposure [49-51]. The induction of cellular proliferation in draining lymph nodes is measured by determining the... 

Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) has been prepared as an highly purified solution of y-globulins with antilymphocyte activity by immunizing horses with human lymphocytes. It activates complement-mediated destruction of lymphocytes and thus decreases cellular immunity with only a limited effect on humoral immunity. Anti-lymphocyte globulin suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. It is used for the prevention and treatment of rejection episodes of transplanted organs. It also has some indication for the management of idiopathic aplastic anemia. Adverse effects include pain at the site of injection, erythema, serum sickness and rarely anaphylactic shock and thrombocytopenia. 

Observations regarding the cellular immune response in PTSD are also consistent with enhanced GR responsiveness in the periphery. In one study, beclomethasone-induced vasoconstriction was increased in women PTSD subjects compared to healthy, non-trauma-exposed comparison subjects (Coupland et al. 2003). Similarly, an enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity of skin test responses was observed in women who survived childhood sexual abuse vs those who did not (Altemus et al. 2003). Because immune responses, like endocrine ones, can be multiply regulated, these studies provide only indirect evidence of GR responsiveness. However, when considered in the context of the observation that PTSD patients showed increased expression of the re-... 

Fibrosis resulting in the loss of normal organ structures is the hallmark of chronic rejection. The fibrosis may be due to wound healing, which is then followed by the cellular necrosis of acute rejection. However, it must be pointed out that chronic rejection develops many times in the absence of acute rejection. Fibrosis may be a result of several diverse factors such as equation of chronic rejection with chronic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, injury to blood vessels and resulting response to chronic ischemia, the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima of arterial walls producing vascular occlusion, or persistent viral infections that will induce cellular immune response. 

Inhibition of oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity is used as an in vivo test for inhibition of the cellular immune response. The shaved abdominal surfaces of groups of mice are sensitized by topical application of 0.1ml of 5% oxazolone. The test drug is given intraperitoneally an hour later and then daily for five consecutive doses. After an additional 4 days, the animals are challenged by application of 0.5 ml oxazolone to one ear. Ear thickness is measured 24 h later. A decrease in ear thickness relative to untreated controls is an indication of immunosuppresion. 

In order to fully understand the complex biochemical mechanisms by which the thymus and its hormones control the expression of immunity, it is first necessary to review briefly the organization of the thymus-dependent (T cell) immune system (Fig. I). The predominant cells of the peripheral lymphoid tissue (i.e., spleen, lymph nodes) includes both B and T lymphocytes. In the presence of foreign antigens, B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells, which in turn synthesize antibody thus, B cells make up the humoral arm of the immune system. In contrast, T lymphocytes are responsible for mediating all the classical cellular immune responses such as delayed type hypersensitivity skin responses, organ transplant rejections, and sensitized antitumor immunity as well as immunity toward various viral, fungal, and protozoal pathogens (Reinherz and Schlossman, 1980). 

CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY TESTS... 

Karen Price, MSc, Manager, Department of Immunotoxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 6000 Thompson Road, East Syracuse, New York 13057-5050, E-mail karen.price bms.com Chapter 3.1.3 Cellular Immune Response in Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Test... 

Buchanan KL, Murphy JW Kinetics of cellular infiltration and cytokine production during the efferent phase of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Immunology 1997 90 189-197. 

Cellular Responses in the Late Phase Reaction and Comparison with the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response... 

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