Peyer’s patch

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

A wide diversity of herbal remedies have purported abilities to stimulate defense functions. Complexes of carbohydrate and lignin, which are present in some herbs, modulate enteric immune functions (Kiyohara et al, 2000), and the changes in cytokine secretion (Matsumoto and Yamada, 2000) can trigger systemic responses. The polysaccharides present in other herbal medicines augment production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A by the Peyer s patches in the small intestine (Sakushima et al, 1997 Yu et al, 1998). The responses of the enteric immune system to lectins are variable (Pusztai 1993), and can elicit systemic responses (Lavelle et al, 2000). Other phytochemicals provide protection by inducing detoxification pathways in mucosal cells (Williamson et al, 1998). 

SAKUSHIMA J, NOSE M, OGiHARA Y (1997) Effect of hachimi-jio-gan on immunoglobulin A producing cells in Peyer s patch by oral administration. Biol Pharm Bull. 20 1175-7. 

M cell Microfold or membranous cell of Peyer s patch epithelium MCP Membrane co-factor protein MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1... 

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) Lymphoid tissue, including Peyer s patches, found in the gut that is important for providing localized immunity against pathogens. 

Mora JR, Bono MR, Manjunath N, et al. Selective imprinting of gut-homing T cells by Peyer s patch dendritic cells. Nature 2003 424 88-93. 

Although most drugs are absorbed from the intestine by the blood capillary network in the villi, they can also be taken up by the lymphatic system (an integral and necessary part of the vascular system, the function of which is to collect extra tissue fluid and return it to the vascular compartment), particularly by M cells that reside in the Peyer s patch regions of the intestine. Peyer s patches have also been implicated in the regulation of the secretory immune response. Wachsmann et al. [277] reported that an antigenic material encapsulated within a liposome, when administered perorally, is taken up by these M cells and exhibited better saliva and serum IgA (primary and secondary)... 

Figure 4 Epithelium overlying a human Peyer s patch and associated immunological and lymphoid cell regions. (From Ref. 77.)...

C Press, S McClure, T Landsverk. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of absorptive and follicle-associated epithelia of Peyer s patches. Immunology 72 386-392, 1991. 

J. Kraehenbuhl, and E. Pringault. Conversion by Peyer s patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria., Science 1997, 277, 949-952... 

Promote Peyer s patch Wall-lumen mixing... 

The main site of the mucosal immune system in the gut is referred to as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which can be divided into inductive and effector sites. In the small intestine, the inductive sites are in the Peyer s patches, which consist of large lymphoid follicles in the terminal small intestine. The contact with external antibodies triggers a series of cascade events in the body based on immune response (Brandtzaeg et al., 1999). 

Salmonella all ages/travelers to tropics 6-48 h moderate volume, and usually without blood mucosal invasion via M cells or enterocytes - macrophages and lymphocytes in Peyer s patches and other lymphoid tissue - bloodstream... 

Bondy, G.S., and Pestka, J.J., Dietary exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxyni-valenol) stimulates terminal differentiation of Peyer s patch B cells to la secreting plasma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 108, 520, 1991. 

Yan, D. et al. Role of macrophages in elevated IgA and IL-6 production by Peyer s patch cultures following acute oral vomitoxin exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 148, 261, 1998. 

Yan, D. et al. Potential role for IL-5 and IL-6 in enhanced IgA secretion by Peyer s patch cells isolated from mice acutely exposed to vomitoxin. Toxicology 122, 145, 1997. 

Peyer s patches in gut bone marrow cytology (if needed)2... 

Baumler, A. J., Tsolis, R. M., and Heffron, F. (1996c). The Ipf flmbrial operon mediates adhesion of Salmonella typhimurium to murine Peyer s patches. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 279-283. 

Jones, B. D., Ghori, N., and Falkow, S. (1994). Salmonella typhimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelial M cells of the Peyer s patches. /. Exp. Med. 180,15-23. 

Owen, R. L., and Jones, A. L. (1974). Epithelial cell specialization within human Peyer s patches An ultrastructural study of intestinal lymphoid follicles. Gastroenterology 66, 189-203. 

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