Profitable operation

What is the minimum selectivity of decane which must be achieved for profitable operation The values of the materials involved together with their molecular weights are given in Table 4.1. 

The results of plant-performance analysis ultimately lead to a more efficient, safe, profitable operation. 

The fact that these systems exist and have been given considerable support by companies and regulators in the CPI, must be taken as a positive indication of an increasing realization of the importance of human performance in ensuring safe and profitable operation of chemical facilities. 

This chapter addresses project management aspects of a revamp. It also provides design guidelines that can be used by a refiner in selecting the revamp components. The original driving force for a project is often a particular mechanical problem or a process bottleneck. The ultimate objective of a revamp should be a safe, reliable, and profitable operation. 

The United States refining industry is undergoing a restructuring phase. Refiners will continue to be under pressure and only the most efficient and profitable operations are going to survive. The survivors will be those who have some niche in the market place, have the versatility to handle low-cost crude, meet product demand, and conform to environmental regulations. 

Primary Mined particularly for the molybdenum contained in the ores. In some instances, molybdenum could be the only valuable metal recovered from the ore. The Questa deposit in New Mexico is mined exclusively for molybdenum content. In other deposits molybdenum may be the main product recovered together with one or more products. In these deposits the molybdenum content alone would allow for a profitable operation. The ore at the Climax mine in Colorado is of this type. Currently, monazite, pyrite, tin, and tungsten are recovered from the ore none of these by-products exists singly nor together in sufficient quantity so that the ore could be mined profitably merely for the extraction of one or all of these by-products. 

In particular, the French were trying to use the steam from sugar boilers to heat sugar juice in a vacuum and evaporate the solution at low temperatures. A vacuum lowers the atmospheric pressure on the water s surface as a result, the water molecules can escape as steam at a lower temperature. The amount of latent heat needed to turn water into steam is nearly the same whether the water is in a vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. However, in the refining process, some heat escapes into the environment. Keeping water at a lower temperature reduces the amount of this lost heat and makes for a more efficient and potentially more profitable operation. 

One facet of the whole cell work that draws attention is the sometimes profitable operation of a cascade of reactions in the multi-enzyme portfolio of the microorganism. For instance (Scheme 11), the allylic alcohol (14) is reduced to the corresponding saturated compound in high yield and optical purity (though in a slow reaction) via the intermediacy of the corresponding enal and (S)-2-benzyloxymethylpropanal[531. 

As discussed in Chapter 1, optimization of a large configuration of plant components can involve several levels of detail ranging from the most minute features of equipment design to the grand scale of international company operations. As an example of the size of the optimization problems solved in practice, Lowery et al. (1993) describe the optimization of a bisphenol-A plant via SQP involving 41,147 variables, 37,641 equations, 212 inequality constraints, and 289 plant measurements to identify the most profitable operating conditions. Perkins (1998) reviews the topic of plantwide optimization and its future. 

Revenue Sales profit operating expenses payable ... 

The additional costs for the plant flexibility have not only to be compared to the potential market income but the effects on the operation mode of the syngas plant should also be accounted for. It is possible that the market flexibility will allow a higher usage time of the entire plant with profitable operation. This given, designing a plant with flexible outputs would contribute positively to the time of use of the gasification plant and of the C02-capture plant. 

The biogas plant of BIMA-system realized on basis of the test results fulfils the projected parameters, it is suitable for producing biogas by digesting litterless cattle slurry. A basic precondition of the profitable operation is the total utilization of the... 

Table 11.3 presents summary descriptive statistics for those relationships for which financial data were available. Descriptive statistics are provided for sales revenue, operating profit, operating margin, concentration of purchases with the top two vendors, share of purchases with the largest alternative vendor, and overall satisfaction with the largest alternative vendor. Again, to protect confidentiality, contribution margin is not disclosed. 

A fire prevention program is essential for the continued safe, successful, and profitable operation of a processing facility. Fire prevention is also a critical part of a process facility s overall loss prevention and control program and is closely linked to process safety and overall Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) programs. 

SIR BOSS A hundred Imperial gallons, and we always keep it filled to the brim. That is why we call it an overflow reactor. You see we are running at full capacity—profitable operation you know. 

Each of the above problems occnrs periodically on most FCC nnits. Recognizing the symptoms and rectifying the npset condition in a timely manner is essential to maintaining a stable and profitable operation while minimizing nnwanted feed outages. 

Control of the important operating parameters other than temperature and the degree of mixing has also led to significant improvements in alkylation (17). For example, the effects of isobutane-olefin ratio, acid strength, acid concentration in the reaction mixture, and olefin space velocity have been recognized, and efforts to control these variables in the preferred ranges have resulted in more profitable operations. 

As of November 1, year 0, WHP had not yet started operations. However, WHP had acquired all the assets it needed to begin operations. When we examine WHP s balance sheet after 1 year of operations (year 1), we notice changes in assets, liabilities, and shareholders equity. WHP s goal, like that of most businesses, is to increase its assets through profitable operations throughout the fiscal year. Assuming that WHP is able to keep its liabilities unchanged, an increase in assets would result in an increase in shareholders equity, and that will make for one happy pharmacist owner ... 

Remember that owner s equity represent the funds that an owner puts up to start the business. WHP s balance sheet indicates that the owners started with 300,000 of their own money. At the end of year 1, the owners have increased this amount by 200,000 to 500,000 owing to profitable operations during year 1. The owners could leave this extra 200,000 of profit to be used in the business (known as retained earning.s), or they could take some or all of the money to pay themselves (known as dividends). 

However, the aim of the new or improved plant is normally to make a profit for the company owning it, and profitable operation is by no means assured, unless it is as carefully planned for as in the design process. This chapter will show how the planning for a profitable operation is undertaken. 

The economic assessment of a proposed plant, known as project appraisal, is necessary at the design stage in order to determine its viability, the capital requirements and the expected return on investment. Such an analysis can kill a project at any stage in the design. Chapter 9 discusses how the planning for profitable operation is undertaken. 

In batch distillation, as the overhead composition varies during operation, a number of main-cuts and off-cuts are made at the end of various distillation tasks or periods (see Chapter 3). Purities of the main-cuts are usually determined by the market or downstream process requirements but the amounts recovered must be selected based on the economic trade off between longer distillation times (hence productivity), reflux ratio levels (hence energy costs), product values, etc. Increasing the recovery of a particular species in a particular cut may have strong effects on the recovery of other species in subsequent cuts or, in fact, on the ability to achieve at all the required purity specifications in subsequent cuts. The profitable operation of such processes therefore requires consideration of the whole (multiperiod) operation. 

At the end of Task 3, HT3 together with the condenser and the column holdup constitute the total amount of solvent recovered at the specified purity. About 98% solvent was recovered which can be reused in subsequent batches. Overall, B0 =10 kmol is noted to be the optimum amount of feed mixture for the given reboiler capacity and products specifications and this makes the most profitable operation. However, the actual optimum values for B0 could be between 7-10 or 10-15 kmol. 

However, if the bribes paid to Hong Kong customs officials are substantial enough to overshadow the 20 percent kickback on seized contraband gold, the bribes must also be in the order of 30 to 50 percent. The point is that the gold trade itself would not be profitable, unless it were only a bridge transaction in a much more profitable operation — e.g., narcotics traffic That is the case. 

Determine the minimum selectivity of decane neededfor profitable operation. The selectivity 5 is defined by... 

Under these conditions, the cracking of propane is seen as a less profitable operation relative to other feedstocks. This agrees with the trend over the past decade that as the relative cost of propane has risen. 

If 10,000 cubic feet (10 Mcf) of CO2 costing 0.80/Mcf produce one barrel of oil, the CO2 cost is 8/bbl. Currently, CO2 utilization ratios of 10 Mcf/bbl are required for profitable operation (5). Thus, a surfactant-based process for improving sweep could cost as much as a few dollars per barrel of oil if it doubled the utilization ratio, and, correspondingly, smaller surfactant-associated costs would be commercially feasible for smaller improvements in the utilization ratio. 

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