Design guidelines

The following general considerations should be followed in designing all types of process equipment  

Dissimilar metals should be in contact (either directly or by means of a conductive path such as water, condensation, etc.) only when the functional design so dictates. 

Scales of Galvanic Potentials are useful indicators of galvanic corrosion however, information is needed on the amount of current flowing between dissimilar metals. 

To ensure compatibility, detailed engineering descriptions of all materials and their metallurgical properties are needed. General information (e.g., mild steel) does not provide sufficient data to establish compatibility in conductive or corrosive media. 

Galvanic corrosion of dissimilar metals can be minimized by controlling humidity near such bimetallic connections. In general, continuously dry bimetallic joints do not corrode. 

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M. Pecht, Integrated Circuit, Hybrid, and Multichip Module Package Design Guidelines M Focus on Keliability,]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. 

Watson, B., Radcliffe, D. and Dale, P. 1996 A Meta-Methodology for the Application of DFX Design Guidelines. In Huang, G. Q. (ed.). Design for X - Concurrent Engineering Imperatives. London Chapman Hall. 

An advantage of supplemental firing is the inerease in heat reeovery eapability (reeovery ratio). A 50% inerease in heat input to the system inereases the output 94%, with the reeovery ratio inereasing by 59%. Some important design guidelines to ensure sueeess inelude ... 

Nozzle Performance Characteristics Relatively little has been done to prescribe design guidelines for these applications. Published guidelines consist largely of drawings and limited data originating from LVHV equipment suppliers. 

The PIF concept is also useful during the process of design. Design guidelines to maximize the usability of plant and to minimize the potential for error can be based upon comprehensive descriptions of PIFs such as the factors which determine the most effective presentation of information in control rooms, or the characteristics of usable and clear operating instructions. 

This chapter addresses project management aspects of a revamp. It also provides design guidelines that can be used by a refiner in selecting the revamp components. The original driving force for a project is often a particular mechanical problem or a process bottleneck. The ultimate objective of a revamp should be a safe, reliable, and profitable operation. 

These design guidelines, though not universally agreed upon by every FCC expert, can be useful to the refiner in ensuring that the mechanical upgrade of a unit will be safe, reliable, and profitable. 

Process and Mechanical Design guidelines for Slide Valves... 

Process and Mechanical Design Guidelines for Reactor and Regenerator Cyclones... 

There are certain basic rib-design guidelines that should be followed (Fig. 3-9). The most general is to make the rib thickness at its base equal to one-half the adjacent wall s thickness. With ribs opposite appearance areas, the width should be kept as thin as possible. In areas where structure is more important than appearance, or with very low shrinkage materials, ribs are often 75 or even 100 percent of the outside wall s thickness. As can be seen in Fig. 3-10, a goal in rib design is to prevent the formation of a heavy mass of material that can result in a sink, void, distortion, long cycle time, or any combination of these problems. 

Table 8-34 Property comparison and design guidelines for RTM vs. other RP processes...

Designing with plastics , G.W. Ehrenstein, G. Erhard Hanser Pubis (1984) ISBN 0029487706. Key book sections include (1) design influencing factors, (2) environmental effects on plastics, (3) lifecycle assessment and prediction, (4) cost estimation and (5) design guidelines. 

Johannes, R.D. et al., Electroplating/metal finishing wastewater treatment Practical design guidelines, Proc. 43rd Purdue Industrial Wastes Conference, West Lafayette, IN, 1988. 

Cohen, R.M., Mercer, J.W., and Greenwald, R.M., EPA Groundwater Issue, Design Guidelines for Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems, EPA 540/S-97/504, September. Available at www.epa.gov/ada/ issue.html, 1998. 

Note that the system remains stable in all cases, as it should for a first or second order system. One final question Based on the design guidelines by which the system should respond faster than the process and the system should be slightly underdamped, what are the ranges of derivative and integral time constants that you would select for the PD, PI, and PID controllers And in what region are the desired closed-loop poles ... 

As stated, much of this book is intended to be a guideline. It should not be construed that the material presented herein is the absolute requirement for any facility. Indeed, many organizations have their own policies, standards and practices for the protection of their facilities. Portions of this book are a synopsis of common practices employed in the industry and can be referred to as such where such information is unavailable or outdated. Numerous design guidelines and specifications of major, small and independent oil companies as wen as information from engineering firms and published industry references have been reviewed to assist in its preparation. Some of the latest published practices and research into fire and explosions have also been mentioned. 

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